My notes summarise the cultural variations in attachment efficiently, sometimes offering a simple explanation and sometimes offering a more detailed approach to the subject.
-Cultural variations in attachment:
Culture is the norms, beliefs and values of a group of people.
Collectivist cultures focus on the group of people rather than the individual e.g., Japan.
Individualist cultures focus on the individual.
-Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg (1988)- meta-analysis so desk-based research which draws a
conclusion about a behaviour by using lots of peoples results.
Strange situation studies (32 studies) in 8 countries (1990 babies).
The country that had the highest % of secure attachment was Great Britain and the lowest %
of secure attachment was China.
Insecure resistant was the least common type of attachment.
Germany had the highest % of insecure avoidant attachments.
Israel had the highest % of insecure resistant babies.
Japan, Israel and China are all ‘collectivist’ cultures, there are more insecure resistant babies
than other places in the world, but still have a relatively high % of secure babies, possibly
because children are not used to being left by themselves.
-Conclusion:
Variation within culture was 1.5 times bigger. For example, one study in America found that
46% of children were securely attached, another found that 90% were securely attached.
Secure attachments are universal.
Culture you grow up in affects your attachment type as parenting styles are different.
Simonelli (2014)- many children were now insecure avoidant compared to previous studies.
Now 50% secure, 36% insecure avoidant. Mothers no longer spent time at home and
working, putting children into day care.
Jin et al (2012)- also assessed 87 children and found just one insecure avoidant. Their child-
rearing is similar to Japan, showing culture is important.
-Evaluation:
Using a large sample is positive because it increases the internal validity of the study. This is
because the effects of anomalies are reduced (Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg).
Sagi (2001) found there were differences within countries. In Tokyo (urban secure/insecure
attachments were more like those of Western cultures. However, in a more rural part of
Japan there were much higher rates of insecure resistant.
The strange situation was conducted on American babies using British ideas of what
signalled attachment behaviours. It is an imposed ethic which is where you assume your
study will work on different cultures.
Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg was too simple. There are different ways a child will be raised
in different parts of the country.
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