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Summary Memory: Explanations for Forgetting- Retrieval Failure

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Explanations for Forgetting- Retrieval Failure from the module of Memory has been summarised from the AQA psychology textbook for A LEVEL published by Illuminate Publishing.

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  • August 28, 2022
  • 3
  • 2022/2023
  • Summary
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Explanations for forgetting: Retrieval Failure




Encoding Specificity principle (ESP)

 Endel Tulving (1983) found the ESP after reviewing information.
 A cue must be present at encoding (when we learn the material) and at retrieval (when we
are recalling it).
 There may be some forgetting if the clues are different or are absent during recall.
 Some cues are linked to the content to be remembered in a meaningful way- the cue “STM”
may help you recall info. about the short-term memory.
 Mnemonic techniques are also used.
 Other cues are also encoded, but are not meaningful:
o Context-dependent forgetting (external environment)
o State-dependent forgetting (internal)




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