Summary
Summary Nazi Germany 1933-45 in depth notes
- Module
- Nazi History 1933-45
- Institution
- WJEC
Collection of documents used in my A level history including in depth notes, timeline and condensed notes
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By: 2Erin2105 • 2 year ago
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3Why was Hitler appointed Chancellor in January 1933?- 30 January 1933 President Hindenburg appointed Hitler as Chancellor
- January 1933, members of the elite persuaded Hindenburg to appointment Hitler as
chancellor, despite Hindenburg disliking Hitler
- Upper class, wanted an effective government
- Members of the elite had tactics which they used as a ‘taming strategy’ for the Nazi party
- They believed if Hitler was chancellor under Hindenburg, they would be able to control him
The Reichstag fire
- Introduction of the laws of arresting people without trial (beginning of the police state), the
Reichstag fire decree
-
1933 - The Enabling Act
- Passed 24th march 1933
- The passing of the act would give Hitler dictatorial powers from the Reichstag to the
government – it meant that the Chancellor (Hitler) would have the right to draft laws and
sign treaties with foreign states
- Hitler needed 432 votes to win and get a two thirds majority
- 444 votes in favour of
- 94 votes against
- Hitler had the support of the centre party and catholic parties
- The opposition were the SPD
- Hitler was now able to pass decrees without the approval of Hindenburg
- The law was put in as a temporary measure for four years but was permanent throughout
the Nazi’s government
1933 - Gleichschaltung
- Means bringing together
- Consolidation of Hitler’s power
- Creation of the Nazi state
- Let the Nazis control social, cultural and educational activity
- Including banning trade unions and other political parties
- Regional parliaments were dissolved 31 March 1933 and replaced by Nazi state governments
- 1st April 1933, the SA boycott Jewish shops
- Nazi attack trade unions as they are from the left
- Increased reports of xenophobia and racism
- He was able to get rid of the previous government from pressure from below
- The SA were abusing their power and position, terrorising opponents, setting up unofficial
concentration camps
- 7 April a law was passed which purged the civil service of Jews except those who served in
WW1
, - At the time approx 1% Germany population were Jewish
- Hindenburg was old and senile so didn’t intervene ☹
The Night of the Long Knives
- Hitler has removed external opposition e.g. communists, other political parties
- Hitler currently has 90% of political power, control of the media and control of the streets
- Hitler does not have control of the SA as it was run by Ernst Rohm
- The SA were a threat to Hitler
- Approx. 3 million SA members
- Hitler was on the side of the army and establishment, not the SA
- The army hated the SA, undisciplined
- Rohm was murdered
- FINISH THIS
1934 - The Death of Hindenburg
- 2 August 1934 Hindenburg died, aged 87
- The Nazis stated he personified Germany
- Hitler announced the positions of president and chancellor would be merged, Hitler would
be Fuhrer and Reichskanzler
- Hitler used presidential powers to be Commander-in-Chief of the armed forces
- Army officers and members took an allegiance to Hitler who was mentioned by name in the
oath – previously pledge to country/monarchy
- Nazi revolution mostly complete
- He still didn’t completely control the army and the churches and still was dependant on
alliances with the elites
- 19 August, the German people voted in a plebiscite (yes/no vote) on Hitler becoming Fuhrer
- Hindenburg’s son endorsed Hitler saying he was ‘direct successor’
- 90% of people voted yes
- Hitler wrote to minister of defence expressing his gratitude for the support and loyalty of the
Wehrmacht (the army)
Why was Hitler so keen to become President as well as Chancellor?
Hitler wanted to become both President and Chancellor so he could have full control over
Germany. As Chancellor, Hitlers powers were limited and the President could override him by
using Article 48. As President he could also hold authority over the army as well.
How had he paved the way for Blomberg and the Army to support him as President after the
death of Hindenburg?
After the death of Hindenburg, Hitler was able to have army support due to his letter written to
Minister of Defence in which he promised to establish the army as the ‘sole bearer of arms in
the nation’. This gave the army what they wanted, which was to be the only military force unlike
the SA.
, What was the significance of the announcement and the Army’s oath to Hitler on the day of
Hindenburg’s death 2nd August 1934?
Hitler’s announcement as Further was significant as he had previously amended Hindenburg and
acted sacrificial in taking this title. It was only 1 hour after Hindenburg’s death meaning there
was limited time for other people to pursue the position. The army’s oath to Hitler was
significant as they pledge allegiance to him, this showed Hitlers new power in German and how
he had successfully completed the Nazi revolution.
How did Hitler use Hindenburg’s funeral in August 1934 to advance his own position
At Hindenburg’s funeral, Hitler used this opportunity to showcase Nazi and military propaganda.
What was the significance of Hindenburg’s ‘conveniently discovered’ political testament and
Oskar von Hindenburg’s broadcast to the nation?
This was significant as it stated Hitler to be the ‘direct successor’ as President. The political
testament and endorsement from Hindenburg’s son showed Hitler appointment to be
Hindenburg’s wishes so many people that trusted and supported Hindenburg as President,
would now trust and support Hitler.
What was the result of the plebiscite on 19th August 1934?
The result was 89.93% yes.
What title was Hitler now to be known?
Fuhrer and Reichskanzler
The Terror State
- The SS started out as a personal protection squad for Hitler in 1925, above the SA
- Himmler become the leader in 1929
- By 1933, the SS had 52,000 members
- 1934 the SS became crucial in the Night of the Long Knives, became more powerful and
important that the SA
- Himmler overtook Rohm and became in charge
- The SA had a reputation for obedience and total commitment to the Nazis
- 1931, the SD was formed to be the Nazis own special security service
- 1933-34 Himmler gained control of all police in Germany including the Gestapo in Prussia
- 1936, all German police under Himmler’s control as ‘Reichsfuhrer SS and Chief of all German
Police’
The main functions:
Intelligence gathering by the SD
Policing by Gestapo
Discipling the opposition, torture chambers and concentration camps
Military actions by the SS (Waffen SS)
, The SS timeline
1925 – the SS was established by the Nazis to be Hitler’s protection
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