Lecture notes
Types of long term memory
These notes both go into detail and keep the information simple about types of long term memory. These notes were written in 2022.
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-Types of LTM:-Storage of memories over a long period of time.
-It is suggested that there are three different types of LTM:
-Declarative/Explicit memory (knowing what):
Episodic- memory of experiences and specific events.
Semantic- facts, meaning, concepts and knowledge about the external world.
-Non-declarative/Implicit memory (knowing how):
Procedural- unconscious memory of skills and how to do things.
-Episodic memory:
Memory of experiences and specific events, “time stamped”, stored with reference to time
and place.
Recalled consciously, can be expressed in words easily.
Auto biographical.
Emotions felt at the time is coded influences the memories strength.
First coding seems to be associated with the Prefrontal cortex however episodic LTM’s are
stored across the brain connected by the hippocampus.
-Semantic memory:
Facts/knowledge about the external world.
Recalled consciously, can be expressed in words.
Memories are stronger if processed more deeply.
Semantic LTM’s last longer than episodic.
May not recall when we learnt/encoded these memories.
Episodic becomes semantic over time.
Number of brain areas associated (i.e., Perihhal cortex)
-Procedural memory:
Unconscious memories, motor skills, muscle memories, for example, riding a bike.
Often learnt in childhood.
Can be hard to express in words or considered consciously.
More resistant to forgetting than semantic and episodic.
Semantic memories may have a connection to procedural due to ability to produce
automatic language.
Motor cortex, cerebellum/Prefrontal cortex have links with procedural memory.
Supportive research:
Herlitz et al (1997), 1000 males and females given tasks that tested either episodic or
semantic LTM ability. Found that females were better on episodic tasks. No difference in
semantic tasks. Shows the differences in performance suggests episodic and semantic are
separate processes.
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