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- Durham University (DUT)
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HISTORY(ESSAY(PLANS(‘BIBLE’((History(HL(2012(–(2014((
(
VALENTINA(CONCORDIA(
KAROLINA(MIESZANIEC(((
(
(
,Valentina(Concordia( ( History(HL(
Karolina(Mieszaniec(
(
(
FIRST(WORLD(WAR((
(
1914(–(1918((
(
1. Causes(of(WW1((
2. Central(Powers(defeat((
3. WW1(as(example(of(Total(War((
4. German(War(Guilt((
5. Peace(Settlements(after(WW1(–(resolved(problems(or(
caused(new(problems((
(
(
(
(
(
( ( 2(
,Valentina(Concordia( ( History(HL(
Karolina(Mieszaniec(
Causes(of(First(World(War((
(
Introduction(
R Devastating(war(–(first(example(of(Total(War((
R 1914R1918((
R Europe(no(longer(the(same(as(consequence(of(WW1(–(disintegration(of(4(huge(
Empires(due(to(the(subsequent(treaties,(such(as(the(Treaty(of(Versailles(and(
Treaty(of(St(Germaine((
R The(causes(have(its(root(already(in(the(18th(century,(but(culminated(more(and(
more(in(the(19th(century,(such(that(war(eventually(broke(out((
R Causes(include:(alliance(systems,(nationalism,(imperialism,(militarism,(and(finally(
the(July(crisis(where(Archduke(Franz(Ferdinand(was(assassinated,(however,(war(
actually(interestingly(broke(out(1(month(later(
(
Alliances:((
R !(Creation(of(a(powerful(state(like(Germany(due(to(unification((with(economic,(
military(and(imperial(potential)(created(nervousness(amongst(the(other(
European(Countries.(
R !(France(was(particularly(hostile(towards(Germany,(after(war(in(1870(and(the(
loss(of(Alsace(Lorraine:(Balance(of(power(“was(deeply(disturbed”((Carr)((
R !(However(Germany(under(Kaiser(Wilhelm(II(and(Iron(Chancellor(Bismarck(did(
not(pursue(an(aggressive(Foreign(policy,(and(instead(worked(at(creating(a(web(of(
alliances(that(would(protest(Germany(from(future(attack(and(would(allow(
Germany(to(consolidate(its(position(in(Europe.(
R Aim(of(Bismarck’s(foreign(policy:((
o Preserve(status(quo(
o Keep(France(isolated(and(stay(allied(with(Russia(to(prevent(war(on(two(
fronts((fear(of(encirclement).((
R Dreikaiserbund(1873((Three(Emperor’s(League):((
o Joined(Germany,(Russia(and(Austria(Hungary(into(an(alliance.((
o Vague(in(its(terms(
o Kept(France(isolated,(and(good(relations(with(Russia(and(AustriaRHungary(
were(achieved.((
R The(Dual(Alliance(1879:((
o AustriaRHungary(and(Russia(came(into(conflict(over(events(in(the(Balkans(
(1875R78,(nationalist(uprisings(against(Turkish(rule(in(Balkans)(and(the(
Dreikaiserbund(collapsed.((
o Bismarck(made(a(separate(treaty(with(the(Austrians:(system(to(limit(the(
possibility(of(war(between(the(European(powers(+(primarily(defensive(+(
agreed(to(assist(on(another(if(Russia(attacked(them.(
R Three(Emperor’s(Alliance(1881:((
o Russia(turned(back(to(Germany(and(Bismarck(drew(up(a(new(revised(
version(of(the(Dreikaiserbund.((
o This(offered(Bismarck(security(!(keep(peace(and(balance(of(power((
o It(states(that(if(either(Russia,(Germany(or(Austria(were(at(war(with(
another(power,(the(others(would(remain(neutral(
o Also(tried(to(resolve(AustroRRussian(disputes(in(the(Balkans.((
(
(
(
( ( 3(
, Valentina(Concordia( ( History(HL(
Karolina(Mieszaniec(
R Triple(Alliance(1882:((
o Germany,(AustriaRHungary,(Italy.((
o If(any(of(the(signatories(were(attacked(by(two(or(more(powers,(the(others(
promised(to(lend(a(hand.(
R Reinsurance(Treaty(1887:((
o Three(Emperor’s(Alliance(fell(to(pieces(due(to(Bulgarian(Crisis(in(1885(
(Austria(supported(Serbia,(Russia(supported(Bulgaria),(thus(the(
Reinsurance(Treaty(with(Russia(was(created(to(ensure(Germany(stayed(
friendly(with(Russia(and(war(on(two(fronts(was(avoided((encirclement).(
R Caprivi(replaced(Bismarck(as(chancellor.((
R Caprivi(+(Wilhelm(II(would(overturn(Bismarck’s(carefully(natured(system(of(
alliances(with(their(new(foreign(policy.((
R Reinsurance(Treaty(with(Russia(fell,(creating(the(conditions(for(the(FrancoR
Russian(alliance(of(1849.((Promised(mutual(assistance(in(response(to(any(other(
country(of(the(triple(alliance(mobilizing.(Bismarck’s(system(was(destroyed,(
France(was(out(of(its(isolation(and(Germany(now(could(face(a(war(on(two(fronts.)(
R Germany’s(policy(of(Weltpolitik(brought(it(into(conflict(with(Britain,(and(mounted(
a(naval(challenge(against(it.((
R It(was(clear(that(the(British(position(of(“splendid(isolationism”(was(no(longer(
appropriate.((
R It(now(seemed(the(right(time(to(seek(security(through(the(alliances,(as(GB(had(
clashed(with(France,(Russia(and(now(Germany.((
R Thus(Britain(made(an(alliance(with(Japan,(which(gave(GB(an(ally(in(the(Far(East(
and(allowed(the(Royal(navy(to(bring(back(warships(from(this(area.((
R This(was(followed(by(an(Entente(with(France.(Although(this(was(not(a(formal(
alliance(it(settled(the(rivalry(between(the(two(nations(over(colonial(issues(and(it(
set(up(a(completely(new(direction(for(AngloRFrench(Relations.((
R 1907:(GB(and(Russia(reached(an(agreement(over(their(relationship(with(Persia,(
Tibet(and(Afghanistan.(France(had(already(secured(Russia(and(an(ally(following(
Germany’s(failure(to(renew(the(Reinsurance(Treaty(in(1887.((
R Now:(France,(GB(and(Russia(joined(together(in(the(Triple(Entente.((
R Europe(was(now(divided(into(two(alliance(systems:(Triple(Entente((France,(
Russia,(GB(=(Allies)(and(Triple(Alliance((Germany,(AWH,(Italy(=(Central(
powers).(
(
How(important?(
Yes:((
R Escalated(Balkan(affair(=(local(conflict((between(ARH(and(Serbia)(into(a(European(
War.((
R This(is(because(Germany(gave(the(blank(cheque(to(Austria,(which(would(not(
have(happened(if(they(had(not(been(allied.((
R Created(tension(between(the(5(great(powers,(and(promoted(arms(races.(
(
No:((
R Alliances(were(“loose”(military(pacts:(there(were(no(military(obligations(in(the(
Triple(Entente,(as(France,(GB(and(Russia(did(not(have(to(support(one(another.((
R “Because(of(mutual(suspicion(and(insecurity,(the(powers(became(involved(in(
alliance(commitments(much(more(extensive(than(at(any(time(in(their(earlier(
history”((
( ( 4(
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