Detailed and concise a level biology revision notes on the subtopic of blood glucose regulation. This includes the second messenger mechanism of hormone action, role of the pancreas and the liver, roles of insulin and gluten in regulation blood glucose and diabetes.
BLOOD GLUCOSE
HORMONES :
produced in
glands ,
carried MECHANISM OF HORMONE ACTION -
second messenger model
in blood plasma to target cells , effective in -
used by glucagon and adrenaline in control of blood glucose
low concentrations but have widespread and Mechanism involving adrenaline
long lasting effects ☒
Adrenaline binds to a transmembrane protein receptor ,
this
ROLE OF PANCREAS :
produces digestive enzymes causes the
protein to change shape in the membrane
and hormones for regulating blood glucose in
•
Change in
.
shape activates adesyl cyclase enzyme converting
islets of langerhans Includes larger a- cells ATP to cyclic AMP le Amn
producing glucagon and B-cells for insulin ) •
CAMP (secondary messenger ) birds to protein kinase
enzyme
lulls ) activating it
ROLE OF LIVER : contains hepatocytes changing its shape i.
where hormones produced in the pancreas • active protein kinase catalyses conversion of glycogen to glucose
have an effect which moves out of the liver cell by facilitated diffusion
Glycogen glucose glycogen to store
s.si → and into the blood through channel proteins
Glycogenlysis glycogen glucose diffuse into blood
: → ADRENALINE : produced at times of stress or excitement
Gluconeogenesis glucose from other
:
sources in the adrenal glands this raises
,
blood glucose cone by : .
SOURCES OF BLOOD GLUCOSE : diet /absorbed •
attaching to protein receptors on
target cells membrane
from hydrolysis of carbohydrates glycogenlysis ,
•
activating enzymes causing breakdown of glycogen to glucose
in muscles and liver or
gluconeogenesis in the line
HORMONE INTERACTION IN GLUCOSE CONC .
-
Insulin and glucagon act antagonistically 1 opposites) ,
Glucose is a substrate needed for
insulin towers glucose cone .
yet glucagon increases it respiration if cone .
falls too low
in self -
regulating negative feedback where glucose cells will be deprived of energy
IF potential
conc .
determines how much insulin or
glucagon rs conc . raises too high water
produced allowing highly sensitive control of cone .
of blood would be lowered causing
-
Blood glucose cone . is not constant but fluctuates dehydration
around an optimum point due negative feedback
to
only when conc . rises or falls beyond certaina INSULIN ANL GLUCAGON →
point is hormone secretion charged
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