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Summary ALL AQA ALEVEL ECONOMICS INTO KEY WORDS £14.99   Add to cart

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Summary ALL AQA ALEVEL ECONOMICS INTO KEY WORDS

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all contents of aqa alevel economics summarised into keywords TO HELP YOU ACE ALL YOUR ESSAYS AND MAXIMISE YOUR MARKERS topics include - competiveness - government borrowing - contestability - monopoly - oligopolies - poverty - taxation - trade union - unemployement - wages - ...

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  • September 18, 2022
  • 38
  • 2021/2022
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Economic concepts related to competitiveness

PED

YED

XED

PES

Marshall Lerner Condition

J – Curve

Weak / strong £

Exchange rates

Economies of scale

Multiplier

Injections and withdrawls

Accelerator

Rate of interest

Subsidies

Trends

Demand pull inflation

Cost push inflation

National living wage

Productivity

APS / MPS

APC / MPC

BRICs

Productive efficiency

Allocative efficiency

Trade unions

protectionism

, Consequences of increased borrowing by Governments

Widening budget deficit

Increase in PSNCR

Increase in national debt

Austerity measures: increase taxes and reduced government exp

Benefits of govt spending

Benefits of fall in taxes

Borrowing will lead to crowding out

Borrowing will lead to increase in money supply (inflation)

International credit rating may fall and has consequences for future borrowing

Seeking help from IMF and the conditions they place

Impact on growth, jobs and prices

, Contestability – best way to achieve efficiency?

Lower entry barriers

Lower sunk costs

Lower exit costs

Less abnormal profit

Normal profit in LR

Productive and allocative efficiency in the LR

Threat of entrants changes behaviour of incumbents

Collusion and cartels more likely

Other ways of achieving efficiency

Role of government to regulate

Realism of contestable markets

, Negative Externalities

Market failure

Allocative inefficiency (over production and consumption)

Failings of price mechanism

Private costs / social costs

Private benefits / social benefits

External costs

Third party / negative spill over effects

Deadweight social burden (triangle area)

Policies (tax, pollution permits, tradeable permits, regulation, ban, extending property rights)

Government failure (regulatory capture, conflict of objectives, worse resource allocation)

Diagram



Positive externalities

Market failure

Allocative inefficiency (under production and consumption)

Failings of price mechanism

Private costs / social costs

Private benefits / social benefits

External benefits

Third party / positive spill over effects

Potential welfare gain

Merit goods

Policies (direct provision, subsidise, marketing, age restriction, legally enforce)

Government failure (waiting lists, worse resource allocation, bad provision schools/NHS)

Diagram

Brilliant table: top page 29 of diagram book – all types of failures

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