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Summary Topic 2: Organisation of the organism
Topic 2: Organisation of the organism: IGCSE Biology course notes which will help you study for your papers. By studying these notes I achieved a 9 - A* on my Igcse
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TOPIC 2: ORGANISATION OF THE ORGANISM-Examples of single-celled organisms: Bacteria & Yeast.
2.1 CELL STRUCTURE & ORGANISATION
-School laboratory: light microscope (electron microscope to see even smaller things).
Animal and Plant cells
→CELL MEMBRANE:
-All cells (both animal and plant)
-Contain a cell membrane (holds cytoplasm in which many small structures called organelles like nucleus are found)
-Its partially permeable (some substances can pass through, others can’t).
→CELLULOSE:
-Plants have a cell wall made of cellulose
-Animals never have a cell wall made of cellulose.
-Its fully permeable (molecules are able to pass through spaces).
→CYTOPLASM:
-Both animal and plant cells contain cytoplasm
-Where many metabolic processes take place.
→VACUOLES:
-A vacuole is a space in a cell surrounded by a membrane, containing a solution.
-Plant cells have very large vacuoles which contains cell sap,
-Animal cells contain smaller membrane-bound spaces called vesicles which contain food or water.
→CHLOROPLASTS:
-Animal cells don’t have chloroplasts.
-Most plant cells have them in the green parts (contain chlorophyll).
-These contain starch grains (energy for photosynthesis).
-Some animal cells have tiny grains of glycogen (similar to starch) found in the
cytoplasm.
→NUCLEUS:
-Where genetic information is stored, in chromosomes made of DNA.
-Both cells have a nucleus.
→MITOCHONDRIA:
-Found in all cells except for prokaryotes.
-Where aerobic respiration takes place (oxygen released) – lots of energy needed.
-In animals it contains glycogen stored, which is then used as fuel when broken into
glucose.
-Cells with higher rates of metabolism require large numbers of mitochondria to provide
sufficient energy.
→RIBOSOMES:
-Attached to a network of membranes that runs throughout the cytoplasm called the rough endoplasmic reticulum.
-Found in all types of cells.
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