Notes that helped me to achieve a distinction star. Created using the mark scheme, the Pearson 2017 Applied psychology book and extra notes made in class.
, Smoking biological approach (genetic predisposition)
● Genes may be a risk factor for nicotine addiction (may have a genetic predisposition to smoking)
● Genetic predisposition- Certain gene variants occur more often in people who experience addiction
● People with these gene variants is at greater risk for developing an addiction than someone who doesn’t ie. they
have a genetic predisposition to addiction
● It doesn’t mean they definitely will, but risk factors increase the likelihood even more
● especially if there are lots of risk factors around them (friends/ family who use smoke and starting to smoke at a
young age)
● Vink found: smoking initiation is caused by 44% genetic factors, 56% environmental factors
Maintenance and relapse
● A person may continue smoking because of the genes they have inherited
, Smoking biological approach (dopamine receptors)
● Dopamine is the brain's ‘pleasure and reward chemical’
● Nicotine attaches to dopamine receptors in the VTA (ventral tegmental area) in the reward pathway-
which triggers dopamine release in the NA (Nucleus accumbens) which gives smokers a
pleasurable buzz
● Nicotine molecules are able to attach to these dopamine receptors- when a smoker starts the
molecules reach the receptors very quickly which triggers release of dopamine from the nucleus
accumbens (NA)
● The feeling of pleasure the smoker receives (the buzz) is rewarding because of the dopamine
release- so smoking is continued
● Smokers continue smoking to avoid withdrawal symptoms (an example of negative reinforcement-
the removal of something negative to strengthen a behavior)
The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:
Guaranteed quality through customer reviews
Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.
Quick and easy check-out
You can quickly pay through credit card for the summaries. There is no membership needed.
Focus on what matters
Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!
Frequently asked questions
What do I get when I buy this document?
You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.
Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?
Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.
Who am I buying these notes from?
Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller TeeBott04. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.
Will I be stuck with a subscription?
No, you only buy these notes for £2.99. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.
