normal cup to disc ration
<0.5
A patient presents with findings of pain, warmth, redness, and swelling below the inner canthus toward nose. Tearing is present and when pressure is applied to the lacrimal sac, a purulent discharge from the puncta is noted. This is suggestive of:
dacrocys...
A patient presents with findings of pain, warmth, redness, and swelling below the inner
canthus toward nose. Tearing is present and when pressure is applied to the lacrimal
sac, a purulent discharge from the puncta is noted. This is suggestive of: - dacrocytes
deconjugate gaze/kid tilts head to see objects --> - strabismus, use cover/uncover test
retinal circulation - venous pulsations
arteries are narrower than veins
s/s retinopathy - AV nicking
cotton wool spots
flame hemorrhages
HTN can cause what on fundoscopic exam - AV nicking
cotton wool spots
flame hemorrhages
when an artery in eye crosses over vexing - AV nicking - arteries indent and displace
veins
considered mild retinopathy
white spots on fundoscopic exam are called ______ and are r/t ___________ - cotton
wool spots
HTN, DM
are microinfarcts and considered moderate retinopathy
blot and dot hemorrhages, hard exudates, and microaneurysms on fundoscopic exam
are termed ________ and are r/t ____________ - flame hemorrhages
r/t HTN, DM, etc.
moderate retinopathy
most common cause of permanent vision loss in older adults - macular degeneration
s/s macular degeneration - loss of central vision over years
, first sign of macular degeneration - central blind spot (scotoma) or curving of straight
lines, peripheral and color vision are normal
loss of central vision over years
pt with eye pain, conjunctival redness, and a pupil that reacts poorly to light, suspect -
angle closure glaucoma
2nd leading cause of blindness - glaucoma
cup to disc ratio in glaucoma - >0.5
glaucoma is characterized by - increased IOP (normal 8-21 mm Hg)
r/t inadequate drainage of aqueous humor
_______ angle glaucoma pt rarely have sx - open angle
_______ angle glaucoma pt have acute symptoms - closed
associated with chronic sun exposure. It is a benign growth of fibrovascular conjunctival
tissue that usually appears on the nasal side first and extends laterally toward the iris.
Although it is often initially asymptomatic, it can cause irritation and even visual
impairment as it extends onto the cornea toward the pupil. can be triangular - pterygium;
yellow, white deposit on conjunctiva; doesn't cause symptoms; r/t dust/sand exposure,
carpenters, motorcyclists; triangular
benign, yellow, triangular nodule that does not affect vision. - pinguecula
yellow plaque on inner canthus, high LDLs - xanthelasma; 50% have high LDLs
hard, non-tender nodule of eyelid caused by inflammation of Meibomian gland, red,
won't go away on own - chalazion
inflammation of sebaceous glands at base of eyelashes, usually tender -
hordeolum/stye
4 step assessment of all eye complaints - 1. visual acuity both eyes
2. exam with lamp/loupes/penlight
3. fluorescein stain
4. lid eversion
refer to ophthalmology? yes or no:
change in vision - yes
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