This documents contains highly detailed and descriptive notes on Topic 3 of Paper 1 for the IB Diploma World History course. This paper covers the road to World War Two, focusing on the German expansion, Japanese expansion and Italian expansion; with special focus on the Manchurian Crisis, Ruhr Cri...
Paper 1
Expansion
Contents
Japanese Expansion...............................................................................................................................2
German Expansion.................................................................................................................................8
Italian Expansion..................................................................................................................................11
Crises...................................................................................................................................................13
Manchurian Crisis............................................................................................................................13
The Ruhr Crisis (1923)......................................................................................................................15
Abyssinian Crisis (1935-36)..............................................................................................................17
1
, Japanese Expansion
Why did Japan expand?
Land
- Japan was overpopulated
- Desire for a large empire
Ideology
- Militarism – growing domination of the government by the army
- Nationalism
Economic
- Great Depression impacted global trade
- Manchuria and China would provide resources
Political
- Instability in China and Japan
Background
Pre 1868
1603-1868: The Tokugawa Shogunate
o Feudalism in Japan
Emperor Shogun Daimyo Samurai Ronin Peasants
Artisans Merchants
o During this time, Japan was supposed to be ruled by an emperor, but power was
held by the shogunate or the bakufu who was the government.
o Japan followed an isolationist foreign policy to preserve culture and prevent
colonisation, such as what was occurring in China. Foreign influences seemed to
be a threat.
Origins
Factors in the Growth of Japanese Nationalism
o The determination to transform Japan into a
Western-style power – desire for equality with
Western Powers
o Japan’s belief that its destiny was to be the leader of
Asia
o Need for raw materials
o Security
o Actions of Western powers
o Growing support for nationalism and militarism
2
, o Imperialist foreign policy
o The Meiji Restoration Japan was now heavily
industrialized
Wanted to avoid what the British had done to China unequal
treaties
1853
American President Millard Fillmore wanted to open relations with Japan to expand ports of
trade and improve international relations.
o Gunboat Diplomacy: Delivered by Commodore Perry and four American warships
Perry brought examples of Western technology
Resulted in the 1854 Treaty of Kanagawa
Effects of the Treaty of Kanagawa
Economic Reforms
Yen created
Encouragement of free trade from the US
industrialisation
Growth of factories
o Textiles
First workers were girls and women silk factories
Land reforms
o Zaibatsu (business conglomerates) created and expanded, taking over large sections
of the economy
Political Change
Political power was given back to Meiji (the current emperor)
o Modernisation followed: the feudal system was dismantled, and democracy was
established. Japan no longer followed the complicated feudal system.
Diet – Japan’s bicameral legislature – 1889
consisted of the upper class, mainly the nobility, and contained the House of
Representatives (who were elected)
Some people could vote
Assist the emperor
o Meiji Constitution – established limits of power – 1890
o Military was directly responsible to the emperor
Social Changes
Education
Soldiers recruited from everyday citizens
o taught how to obey the emperor
3
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