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Summary AS Cambridge Psychology / Dement and Kleitman
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Summary for AS Cambridge Psychology, Dement and Kleitman
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Psychology Dement and KleitmanSleep and Dreams
• Title:
• The Relation of Eye Movements During Sleep To Dream Activity: An Objective Method for the
Study of Dreaming
• Year: 1957
Psychology being investigated
• Our body follows two types of sleep: REM (rapid eye movement) sleep and nREM (non-rapid
eye movement) sleep.
• nREM can be divided into 4 sleep stages.
• In REM sleep, our eyes move rapidly under the lids.
• Aserinsky and Klietman’s (1995) study: they observed periods of rapid, conjugate eye
movements during sleep and found a high incidence of dream recall in awakening participants
during these periods and a low incidence when awakened at other times.
• REM sleep is known as paradoxical sleep. It resembles wakefulness as our eyes move, we often
experience vivid (bizarre) thoughts in the form of dreams and our brains are active. However, it is
di erent from wakefulness as it is di cult to wake up, we are fairly insensitive to stimuli and
paralysed.
Background
• Sleep and dreaming are clearly hard to investigate because the participant is necessarily asleep
and so cannot communicate with the researcher. Even when awake, only self-report data can be
obtained about dream content, which alone may be invalid as it is subjective.
• The electro-encephalograph (EEG) monitors the electrical activity of the brain.
• The electrooculogram (EOG) allowed the electrical recording of eye-movement patterns, their
presence or absence, their size and direction (vertical or horizontal).
• The EEG detects and records tiny electrical charges associated with nerve and muscle activity.
• In REM sleep, EEG is relatively low voltage/amplitude and high frequency.
• In nREM sleep, EEG has either high voltage/amplitude and slow (low frequency) waves or
frequent ‘sleep spindles’ which are short-lived high voltage, high frequency waves.
Aims
• Overall aim: To investigate dreaming in an objective way by looking for the relationship between
eye movements in sleep and the dreamer’s recall.
• Speci c aims:
• To test whether dream recall di ers between REM and nREM sleep.
• To investigate whether there is a positive correlation between subjective estimates of dream
duration and the length of REM period.
• To test whether eye-movement patterns are related to dream content. (Whether these patterns
represent the visual experience of dream content or whether they are simply random
movements arising from the activation of the CNS)
Procedure
• Research Method: Laboratory Experiment, Observations, Interviews and Correlation
• Experimental design: Repeated Measures Design
• Three approaches were used to test the three speci c aims.
• Sample: Seven male adults and tow female adults. Nice of them were studied intensively while
the data gathered from the other four was minimal with the intent of con rming the results.
• Sampling technique: Opportunity sampling
• Participants were identi ed by their initials to maintain con dentiality.
• Participants reported to the lab a little before their usual bedtime.
• They were instructed to eat normally but to abstain from alcoholic or ca eine containing
beverages on the day of the experiment.
• Participants were tted with electrodes on their scalp and around their eyes.
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