Summary
Summary BTEC Level 3 Applied Science Unit 10 - Biological Molecules
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BTEC Level 3 Applied Science Unit 10 - Biological Molecules and Metabolic Pathways
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P1:Explain the structure of biological molecules in living organisms.Water:
What makes it special is the molecular structure of water. Water is a tiny molecule that consists of
two atoms of hydrogen that are covalent bonds with an atom of oxygen. The electrons are not
uniformly distributed,and the oxygen some draws the electrons away from the hydrogen atom into
it. The electrons are not equally divided throughout each covalent bond. This is because the electric
axis is more negative than that of hydrogen. Resulting is an unequal distribution in the molecule. The
axis pushes the electrons negatively charged against it and away from the hydrogen. The water
molecule contains regions near oxygen with a slight negative charge and slight positive charge near
hydrogen because it is defined as a polar water molecule.
The forces of attraction and repulsion that act between opposing particles are known as
intermolecular forces (atoms, molecules, or ions ). In comparison to intramolecular forces including
covalent or ionic bonds between atoms in a molecule, these forces are small. A hydrogen chloride
(HCl) molecule's covalent bond is much stronger than any bonds it can create with neighbouring
molecules.
The importance of water:
1) Transport of molecules
2) Acting as a medium for chemical reaction 3) Regulating PH
4) Temperature regulator
5) Electrolyte balance
Over a wide temperature spectrum,the liquid state in living things. Water is an excellent transport
medium because it remains in organisms in all metabolic processes that depend on chemicals that
can react together with a solution for chemical reaction. Water is a strong solvent since the polar
molecules can dissolve in the water. This is because the solute has an irregular charge distribution
around the molecules as well. Slightly drawn to the slightly positive part of the water molecule are
the negative ends of the solute,and vice versa. The particles will travel and interact with other
particles once they get into the colouring. Water has the ability to survive temperature change, as
increasing the temperature change as
increasing the temperature requires a lot of energy. Slightly attracted to the slightly positive portion
of the water molecule are the negative ends of the solute, and vice versa. These interactions are
with the water molecule and the solvent agitator assembled by the water molecule around the
solvent's charged parts. Collote separates and dissolves particles. The particles can move and
interact with other particles once they get into the colouring. Water has the ability to withstand
temperature changes, because changing the temperature requires a lot of energy. The hydrogen
bonds between the molecules of water are responsible for this. The water molecules gain more
kinetic energy and vibrate more when the temperature increases, so the hydrogen bonds between
the water molecules are broken. This means that hydrogen bonds are made by water molecules and
broken apart faster, thus increasing the rate of breakdown. The breaking of these bonds involves a
relatively large amount of heat energy. Hydrogen bonds can be formed when the water temperature
decreases, and the water molecules move less freely. This tolerance to temperatures that shift
rapidly ensures that the water is an excellent environment. Organisms living in the water would not
be subjected to potentially life-threatening changes in temperature. There are many living things
composed mostly of water. The fact that water does not change temperature rapidly helps these
species to control the temperature of their inner body. For example, while playing ice, your core
body temperature does not drop significantly to the same outdoor temperature.
To make sure that the temperature is optimal for enzyme production inside the body, it is very
important that the body temperature stays constant. At a pH of 7, there are equivalent
concentrations of H and OH ions in the water. Living things are very pH-sensitive. They work best
when the pH of albumin is closer to indoor conditions, so water plays an important role in
controlling the pH of living things. As hydrogen and nitroxide ions are added, Burfer's solutions, such
, as those found in blood, avoid the shift in pH. When required, water has the ability to accept H and
be donated, which means that it plays an important role in maintaining a stable pH. Without water,
water also plays a major role in the balance of electrolytes. For example, as the concentration of
extracellular electrolytes increases, the water diffuses into the extracellular space outside the cell
through osmosis, which contributes to the dilution of the extracellular fluid and the increase in
intracellular solutions will not be able to sustain the required pH. The concentration level of the
electrolyte.
Carbohydrates:
In order for you to gain energy, carbohydrates are an essential aspect of your diet. For all living
organisms, they are vital as they act as an energy source and store of energy, and are used for
structure. Carbohydrates contain the following elements: carbon, oxygen and hydrogen. 'Hydrated
carbon' means carbohydrate. For carbohydrates, the general formula is Cn(H2O)n (where n is the
number of carbon atoms). Therefore, an equivalent water molecule formula is available for every
carbon atom. Carbohydrates are made up of monosaccharides joined together by a kind of covalent
bond called a glycosidic bond to form polysaccharide chains. In a dehydration synthesis reaction,
glycosidic bonds are created. As H2O is formed, an oxygen atom is left between the two sugars'
covalent bonds.
The important of carbohydrates:
1) ATP production
2) Energy storage
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