BIO 669 Human Pathology - Module 6 - Pulmonology Quiz Study Guide,100% CORRECT
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BIO 669 Human Pathology
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BIO 669 Human Pathology
BIO 669 Human Pathology - Module 6 - Pulmonology Quiz Study Guide
HUMAN PATHOPHYSIOLOGY Module 6 - Pulmonary System Quiz
PROFESSOR KEY POINTS:
Structure and Function of the Pulmonary System Teaching Focus
• The pulmonary system consists of the lungs, airways, chest wall, diaphragm, and ...
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BIO 669 Human Pathology - Module 6 - Pulmonology Quiz
Study Guide
HUMAN PATHOPHYSIOLOGY Module 6 - Pulmonary System Quiz
PROFESSOR KEY POINTS:
Structure and Function of the Pulmonary System Teaching Focus
• The pulmonary system consists of the lungs, airways, chest wall, diaphragm,
and pulmonaryand bronchial circulation.
• Air is inspired and expired through the conducting airways, which include the
nasopharynx,oropharynx, trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles to the sixteenth
division.
• Gas exchange occurs in structures beyond the sixteenth division: the
respiratory bronchioles,alveolar ducts, and alveoli. Together these structures
make up the acinus.
• The pulmonary system enables oxygen to diffuse into the blood and carbon
dioxide (CO2) todiffuse out of the blood.
• Ventilation is the process by which air flows into and out of the gas-exchange
airways and is
involuntary most of the time. The respiratory center in the brainstem controls
ventilation, andthe sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the
autonomic nervous system (ANS) adjust airway caliber (by causing bronchial
smooth muscles to contract or relax) and control the rate and depth of
ventilation.
• Neuroreceptors in the lungs (lung receptors) monitor the mechanical aspects of
ventilation.
Irritant receptors sense the need to expel unwanted substances, stretch
receptors sense lungvolume (lung expansion), and J-receptors sense alveolar
size.
• Chemoreceptors in the circulatory system and brainstem sense the
effectiveness of ventilation
, by monitoring the pH status of cerebrospinal fluid and the oxygen content
of arterial blood(Pao2).
• Successful ventilation involves the mechanics of breathing: the interaction of
forces and
counterforces involving the muscles of inspiration and expiration, alveolar
surface tension,elastic properties of the lungs and chest wall, and resistance to
airflow.
• The major muscle of inspiration is the diaphragm. When the diaphragm
contracts, it moves
downward in the thoracic cavity, creating a vacuum that causes air to flow into
the lungs.
,• Compliance is the ability of the lungs and chest wall to expand during
inspiration. The adequate production of surfactant ensures lung compliance;
chest wall expansion depends on
flexibility.
• Hemoglobin, a protein contained within red blood cells, transports almost all
of the oxygenthat diffuses into pulmonary capillary blood. The remainder of
the oxygen is transported dissolved in plasma.
• Oxygen enters the body by diffusing down the concentration gradient from
high concentrations in the alveoli to lower concentrations in the capillaries.
Diffusion ceases whenalveolar and capillary oxygen pressures equilibrate.
• Aging affects the mechanical aspects of ventilation by decreasing chest wall
compliance andelastic recoil of the lungs. Changes in these elastic properties
reduce ventilatory reserve.
Alterations of Pulmonary Function Teaching Focus
• Dyspnea is a feeling of breathlessness and increased respiratory effort.
Orthopnea is dyspnea when a person lies flat. Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea
occurs at night and requires the personto sit or stand for relief.
• Coughing is a protective reflex that expels secretions and irritants from the
lower airways.
• Abnormal sputum is a change in the amount, consistency, color, and odor of
sputum.
• Abnormal breathing patterns are adjustments made by the body to minimize
the work of
respiratory muscles. They include Kussmaul, obstructed, restricted, gasping,
and/or Cheyne-Stokes respirations, and sighing.
• Hypoventilation is the decrease in alveolar ventilation caused by airway
obstruction, chest
wall restriction, or altered neurologic control of breathing. It causes increased
partial pressureof carbon dioxide in arterial blood (Paco2). Hyperventilation is
the increase in alveolar ventilation produced by anxiety, head injury, or severe
, hypoxemia. It causes decreased Paco2.
• A desaturation of hemoglobin, polycythemia, or peripheral vasoconstriction
causes cyanosis,
a bluish discoloration of the skin.
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