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TOPIC 8- GLOBALISATION, GREEN CRIME, HUMAN RIGHTS AND STATE CRIMES
Crime and Globalisation
● Held: globalisation:’ widening of the world’s interconnectedness’
The global criminal economy
● Held: been a globalisation of crime-> creates new opportunities for crime, new means of
committing crime and new offences -> spread of transnational organised crime.
● Castell: global criminal economy worth over £1 trillion per annum. Forms:
● Arms trafficking/ terrorists.
● Trafficking in nuclear materials
● Smuggling of illegal immigrants, e.g. Chinese Triad make $2.5 billion annually.
● Trafficking of women/ children: 500k trafficked in western Europe annually
● Drugs trade: worth $300-400 billion annually
● Reason for transnational organised crime: demand for products West.
● BUT: global criminal economy not function without a supply side: provides drugs, sex
workers demanded in West
● Supply linked to globalisation process.
● E.g.Colombia: 20% of population depend on cocaine production/ cocaine outsells all exports
Global risk consciousness
● Globalisation -> mentality of ‘risk consciousness’ (risk is global)
● Knowledge about risks exaggerated by media
● Eg: immigration: media create moral panics about ‘threat’. Neg coverage -> hate crimes in
UK -> toughen border control regulations (fining airlines if bring undocumented passengers)
● Globalised risk-> increased attempts at international cooperation since 9/11 terrorist attack
Globalisation, capitalism and crime
● Taylor: globalisation -> greater inequality + rising crime due to market forces.
● Globalisation allowed transnational corporations to switch manufacturing to low wage
countries -> job insecurity.
, ● Deregulation -> gov have little control over own economies (creating jobs).
● Marketisation -> people see self as consumers: cost/ benefit analysis on actions -> low social
cohesion.
● -> insecurity/ inequalities + encourage people to turn to crime.
● Lack of legit jobs destroys self-respect -> unemployed look for illegitimate jobs
● Globalisation -> criminal opportunities for elite groups.
● Eg: deregulation of financial markets -> movement of funds around globe to avoid taxation.
● Globalisation -> new patterns of employment -> new opportunities for crime -> increased
use of subcontracting to recruit ‘flexible’ workers, often working illegally.
● Useful in linking global trends in capitalist economy to changes in pattern of crime.
● Does not adequately explain how changes make people behave in criminal ways.
Crime of globalisation
● Rothe/ Friedrich: international financial organisations dominated by capitalist states.
● Eg: world bank has 188 members but 5 hold 1/3 voting rights
● Rothe/ Friedrich: impose pro-capitalist ‘structural adjustment programmes’ on poor
countries -> education cut, creates conditions for crime
● Rothe: programme in Rwanda 1980s -> unemployment + 1984 genocide
Patterns of criminal organisation
● Hobbs/ Dunningham: individuals with contacts act as ‘hub’ around other individuals seeking
opportunities, linking legitimate/ illegitimate activities.
‘Global’ organisation
● Have international links, especially with the drugs trade, but crime is still rooted in its local
context.
● Hobbs/ Dunningham: crime is ‘global’ system: locally based, but global connections so varies
according to local conditions (availability of drugs from abroad)
● Hobbs/ Dunningham: globalisation -> shift from hierarchical gang structure to networks of
entrepreneurial criminals.
● Not clear if patterns are new, or older structures have disappeared.
McMafia
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