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Summary Inferential tests

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Psychology revision notes on 'Psychological Research and the Scientific Method'. The notes are tailored to suit the Psychology AQA A-level Specification A syllabus. The essay plans are colour coded to make revision slightly more interesting.

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  • March 19, 2016
  • 4
  • 2014/2015
  • Summary

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INTRODUCING INFERENTIAL TESTS

 NULL HYPOTHESIS (H₀) – statement of no effect (no difference or no
correlation).
 ALTERNATIVE HYPOTHESIS (H₁) – a statement that there is an effect
between two variables.
 DIRECTIONAL HYPOTHESIS – a statement that predicts the direction
of the relationship between two variables.
 NON-DIRECTIONAL HYPOTHESIS – a statement that predicts a
difference between two variables but doesn’t suggest what
difference.

PROBABILITY
 Inferential tests are used to work out whether a difference is or is
not significant.
 These tests allow you to work out, at a given PROBABILITY, whether
a pattern in the data could have arisen by CHANCE or whether the
effect occurred because there is a real difference/correlation.
 CHANCE = refers to something with no cause.
 You can’t be 100% certain that an observed effect was not due to
chance but you can state how certain you are.
 Usually psychologists use a probability of 95%.
 This expresses the degree of uncertainty.
 It means there is a 5% chance (probability) that the results would
occur even if there was no real difference/correlation between the
two variables.
 This probability of 5% is recorded as:
P = 0.05 (P means probability)
 Sometimes psychologists want to be more certain, so may use a
stricter probability, such as p<0.01 or p<0.001.
 The chosen value of ‘p’ is called the SIGNIFICANCE LEVEL.


USING INFERENTIAL TESTS
 Inferential tests help us to draw inferences about populations based
on the samples tested.
 These tests allow us to infer that a pattern in the data is likely (or
not) to be due to chance.

OBSERVED + CRITICAL VALUES
 Each inferential test involves taking the data collected in a study +
doing some calculations to produce a single number called the TEST
STATISTIC.

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