Grade achieved: 9. I have put an immense amount of hard work into making this set of notes and it was well worth it as it enabled me to achieve the highest grade possible. My notes are based on class notes, online resources and the CGP textbook attached. Please don't hesitate to contact me for more...
Acids, Alkalis and Bases CGP topic 3
Acid à a substance that releases H+ ions when added to water
Alkalis àa substance that releases OH- ions when added to water Not all bases are alkali but all
Bases à a substance that reacts with acids to form a salt and water alkalis are soluble bases.
Acids are substances that can donate H+ ions to bases so it is a proton donor and a base is a proton
acceptor
Hydrogen ignites in air. If hydrogen is present in a test
tube, a lighted splint held near its mouth ignites with a Oxygen supports combustion. If oxygen is present in a
squeaky pop test tube, a glowing splint relights when it is held inside.
Carbon dioxide reacts with calcium hydroxide solution to produce a white precipitate
of calcium carbonate. Limewater is a solution of calcium hydroxide. If carbon dioxide is
bubbled through limewater, the limewater turns milky or cloudy white.
A neutralization reaction is when an acid and a base react to form water and a salt and involves the
combination of H+ ions and OH- ions to generate water.
pH
pH is a measure of the concentration of H+ ions in a
solution. Therefore, the more hydrogen ions present,
the lower the pH and vice versa.
pH is a log scale:
- pH 1 has a H+ concentration 10x more than pH 2
- pH 9 has a H+ concentration 10x lower than pH 8
Acids in solution are a source of hydrogen ions, H+. The hydrogen ions are produced when the acid
dissociates or breaks down to form ions.
Weak acids
Strong acids
Weak acids only partially ionise in water.
Strong acids completely ionise in water.
E.g. ethanoic acid only partially ionised to form
E.g. HCL ionises completely to form hydrogen ions hydrogen ions and ethanoate ions:
and chloride ions:
CH3COOH(aq) ⇌ H+(aq) + CH3COO-(aq)
+ -
HCl(aq) → H (aq) + Cl (aq)
The ⇌ symbol shows that it is a reversible reaction and
Nitric acid and sulfuric acid are also strong acids. does not go to completion.
A concentrated acid contains a large amount of acid in a
given volume; a dilute acid contains a small amount
of acid in a given volume.
Acid Type of salt
Hydrochloric acid (HCL) Chloride
Sulfuric acid (H2SO4) Sulphate
Nitric acid (HNO3) Nitrate
The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:
Guaranteed quality through customer reviews
Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.
Quick and easy check-out
You can quickly pay through credit card for the summaries. There is no membership needed.
Focus on what matters
Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!
Frequently asked questions
What do I get when I buy this document?
You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.
Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?
Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.
Who am I buying these notes from?
Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller nasr786. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.
Will I be stuck with a subscription?
No, you only buy these notes for £3.99. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.
