This summary includes general CR conditions and treatment to help students prepare for OSPEs and Placement. The summary has a general CR pathology table which includes the symptoms, pathophysiology and interventions. The summary also includes a treatment table which explains the deliverance of the ...
Pathology Symptoms/ clinical Pathophysiology (relevant to anatomy and Risk Factors Interventions Surgical/medical Intervention
features physiology of cardio respiratory symptom)
Post-surgery -Sputum retention General Anesthesia: - Age (≥ 60) - ACBT: - Small / laparoscopic incisions;
complications -Unwilling to deep - Decreased ciliary action (paralyses cilia) leads to - Malnutrition BR - Fluid management;
General Anesthesia breathe (pain) inability to beat and move the mucus secreted by - Obesity (BMI ≥ 27) LTEE - Epidural / local anaesthesia;
-Diminished cough goblet cells - Incision site FET - Keep patients warm.
reflex/ineffective - Drying of airways - Gender (F>M) Cough
cough - Decreased functional residual capacity by - Impaired cognitive
- Sore throat diaphragm relaxation function - Sputum drainage
- Diminished cough reflex - Impaired mobility
- Co-morbid conditions - Auscultation
- Smoking history
- Recent acute URTI or - Shaking
LRTI
- No pre-op pulmonary - Vibrations
education re DBE & IS
- Prolonged pre-op
- pulmonary rehab
length of stay
- Length of procedure
- Presence of -mobilisation
nasogastric tube on
leaving post-op
recovery ward
- History of cancer
Post-surgery - Use of respiratory Atelectasis: - Post-surgical - Auscultation (fine
complications: accessory muscles A complete or partial collapse of a lung or lobe of a Hypoventilation (due to crackles)
Atelectasis - Rapid and shallow lung — develops when the tiny air sacs (alveoli) Pain, Abdominal - ACBT
breathing within the lung become deflated. Part of bronchial Distention, Fear) - Pulmonary rehab
3 types: - cyanosis tree has “collapsed” so alveoli cannot ventilate. Gas - Mucus Plugging/Poor
Obstructive - hypoxemia exchange cannot occur with no ventilation. Chest Clearance
Non- obstructive - Loss of lung volume - Poor Positioning
Post- op - Impaired V/Q FRC: Amount of air left in lungs at end of standard - Scarring
matching breath - Anaesthetic Agents
- Acute respiratory Typically 2 – 2.5 litres in human adult - Poorly-Sited
failure decreases with age Endotracheal Tube
- Increased Work of decreases from upright, to sitting, to side lying, to (ETT)
Breathing supine
the longer they stay in surgery, the chances of
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