Lecture notes
LT3 Genetic Drift
- Institution
- University College London (UCL)
Concept of Genetic Drift and Examples of genetic drift (extra reading with sources)
[Show more]
Content preview
Genetic Drift Stochasticity: non-deterministic (ie. random), a stochastic system is one with a
system that is determined probabilistically
Transmission of genes between generations – the genotypes inherited by the
offspring can be predicted in a ratio BUT individuals vary in fitness
In a large population – averaging fitness realisations so w cc ~ 1-c
In a small population – random deviations have significant effect, so w cc not always
1-c
Similar situation occurs in the absence of selection
Expectation is there is no change – pt+1 = pt
More or less met in large populations, but potentially large deviations in small
populations (= genetic drift)
Evolution, but not adaptation
Neutral Evolution
Theory highlights the relative importance of drift
and selection
Suggests that if a population carries several
different alleles, there are chances that each allele
is equally good at performing its job – variation is neutral – the possession of any
particular allele does not affect fitness
Genetic Drift leads to a loss of genetic diversity + genetic differentiation
Drosophila melanogaster bw eye-colour mutation (Buri, 1956)
107 populations, 16 individuals each, 19 generations
Number of populations fixed for one allele or the
other increases over the generations
Populations fixed for the bw75 allele is
approximately the same for the bw allele, expected
from the initial frequencies of the 2 alleles (0.5)
Isolated populations lose diversity independently –
populations can fix different alleles and so
populations diverge genetically
Mating system
Drift is stronger in small populations or if few individuals contribute to
reproduction = reproductive skew, polygyny (lek)
“Effective population size” Ne
Ne ~ number of individuals that contribute to reproduction
, (not the census number of breeding individuals, but depends on mode of inheritance,
level of inbreeding population, the numbers of males and females, the variance in
reproductive success, changes in population size over time, age structure, any
geographic and genetic structuring of the population
Ne of a real population = size of an idealised population with same drift, in general
Ne gives an approximation of the rate of drift and often valid only asymptotically
(ie. after sufficient time elapsed since start of the process)
Genetic Identity: probabilities that alleles are identical
Describing (the loss of) genetic diversity
Used to predict dynamics of genetic diversity/make inferences about population
structure
How similar are alleles – within individuals/between individuals/between populations
Hierarchical organisation of alleles
- Alleles in the same individual
F: inbreeding
coefficient/consanguinity
- Alleles in different individuals
Θ: coancestry within populations
- Alleles in different individuals
α: coancestry between populations
Genetic variation can be distributed in
the:
Individual level: inbreeding, mating
system
Sub-population level: differentiation, migration/isolation
Population level
Populations are often organised into hierarchal sets with increasing levels of
subdivision (eg. subspecies within species, geographic races within subspecies, local
populations within races) – Variance between groups at any level can then be
estimated
Fixation Indices, FIS (Wright, 1951)
Subscripts indicate that this F statistic
measures the departure of the individual
genotype frequencies within a local population
from random mating expectation
Comparing identity/heterozygosity between levels
Within populations: are individuals more homozygote than expected from identity
between individuals
, The measures of FIS, FST, FIT, are related to amounts of heterozygosity at various
levels of population – all derived from inbreeding coefficient F
FIT is the inbreeding coefficient of an individual (I), relative to total population (T),
FIS is the inbreeding coefficient of an individual (I) relative to subpopulation (S), F ST
is the effect of subpopulations (S) compared to total population (T)
FIS > 0 homozygosity greater than expected, inbreeding
Positive F denotes excess of homozygotes over random-mating expectation
Negative F denotes excess of heterozygotes
Individual
F=θ=1/2, FIS = 0 HW equilibrium
F= 1, θ=1/2, FIS = 1 complete inbreeding
Sub-population
Θ=a, FST population homogenous
a-=0, θ=1, FST =1 complete differentiation
Measuring population structure
Population structure can be observed using
genetic markers such as single nucleotide
polymorphisms (SNPs) or Microsatellites
Applications
a. Human genetic diversity – expansion of human population “out of Africa” (Balloux
and Manica)
Colonisation = repeated “bottlenecks”/”founder
effects”- small group of individuals contribute the
alleles to the whole population (binomial sampling)
Effects of drift accumulate along colonisation
routes (Prugnolle et al., 2005)
Also observed in Helicobacter pylori populations
(Linz et al., 2008)
b. Detecting deviations from neutrality
Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC): immune defence
Diversity in MHC genes (Qutob et al., 2012)
c. Evolution between dog breeds (Akey et al., 2010)
Which genes are involved in phenotypic traits? 10 breeds, with many SNP
markers along entire genome
Neutral loci: frequency differences due to drift
Selected loci: differences due to drift + selection
Which genes show high frequency differences?
The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:
Guaranteed quality through customer reviews
Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.
Quick and easy check-out
You can quickly pay through credit card for the summaries. There is no membership needed.
Focus on what matters
Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!
Frequently asked questions
What do I get when I buy this document?
You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.
Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?
Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.
Who am I buying these notes from?
Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller Cheesecakeextreme. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.
Will I be stuck with a subscription?
No, you only buy these notes for £3.49. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.
Can Stuvia be trusted?
4.6 stars on Google & Trustpilot (+1000 reviews)
53663 documents were sold in the last 30 days
Founded in 2010, the go-to place to buy revision notes and other study material for 15 years now