Exam (elaborations)
Unit 5 Principles and Applications of Science - summary
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- PEARSON (PEARSON)
A full summary of all the topics covered in Unit 5 BTEC Applied Science.
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Something that accepts hydrogen ions (also known as a proton acceptor) - What is abase?
Something that will act as both an acid and a base depending on the conditions -
Define the term amphoteric
When an acid and a base react to form a neutral substance - Define the term
neutralisation
Metal salt + water - What is formed when metal oxides react with acid?
Metal salt + water - What is formed when metal hydroxides react with acid?
Aluminates - What type of compounds are formed when aluminium oxide reacts with
a base?
Alumina - What is the common name for aluminium oxide?
Known as quicklime it reacts to form calcium hydroxide (lime) which is used by
farmers to raise the pH of soil - Give a use of calcium oxide
Used in the treatment of acidic effluent - Give a use of calcium hydroxide
Used a desiccant in libraries (neutralises the acid that can be found in paper) to
preserve them - Give a use of magnesium oxide
Used to make soaps and plastics. Used in food processing to peel fruit. Also found in
drain and oven cleaner - Give a use of sodium hydroxide
Known as 'milk of magnesia' it treats acid indigestion - Give a use of magnesium
hydroxide
Crush the bauxite. React with NaOH at 170 degrees. Filter mixture to remove solid
impurities. Cool the mixture to form solid crystals of Al(OH)3. Heat in a calciner (kiln)
at 1100 degrees (calcination). - Describe the Bayer Process
Alumina and cryolite are placed in a steel tank lined with carbon (this is the cathode).
Carbon anodes are placed in the solution. Aluminium ions are reduced to form
molten aluminium which is then drained off. - Describe the Hall-Heroult Process
Extracting aluminium oxide from bauxite ore - What is the Bayer Process used for?
Extracting aluminium from alumina - What is the Hall-Heroult Process used for?
,A molecule made of hydrogen and carbon only - Define the term hydrocarbon
They react with oxygen as it forms - Why do the carbon electrodes have to be
regularly replaced in the Hall-Heroult Process?
Separated by boiling point - How are fractions separated in fractional distillation?
At the bottom: larger hydrocarbons with higher boiling points
At the top: smaller hydrocarbons with lower boiling points - Describe the
hydrocarbons that leave at the top of the column vs those that leave at the bottom
Bauxite - What is the name of the ore that contains aluminium oxide?
Rutile - What is the name of the ore that contains titanium dioxide?
Extracting titanium - What is the Kroll Process used for?
Titanium dioxide, coke, and chlorine are heated at 900 degrees to form titanium
chloride and carbon monoxide. Magnesium is used as a reducing agent to form
titanium, this is done in a steel reactor at 1200 degrees with an argon atmosphere -
Describe the Kroll Process
Titanium forms 'tree-like' crystals that affect the electrodes and the titanium ions can
have side reactions that produce impurities - Why do we not use electrolysis to
extract titanium even though it has a similar reactivity to aluminium?
Expensive, energy intensive, time consuming - State the disadvantages of the Kroll
Process
Positive electrode - Define the term anode
Negative electrode - Define the term cathode
Negative ion - Define the term anion
Positive ion - Define the term cation
Solution or molten substance that contains ions and can be decomposed through
electrolysis - Define the term electrolyte
The process of breaking a substance down (decomposing) through electricity -
Define electrolysis
, A charged particle (something that has gained or lost an electron) - Define the term
ion
When a less reactive metal is present - When is hydrogen not produced during
electrolysis of solutions
When a group 7 element is present - When is oxygen not produced during
electrolysis of solutions
H+ and Na+ - In electrolysis of brine what cations are present?
O2- and Cl- - In the electrolysis of brine what anions are present?
Chlorine gas - In the electrolysis of brine what would be made at the anode?
Hydrogen gas - In the electrolysis of brine what would be made at the cathode?
Salt water - What is brine?
Diaphragm cell and membrane cell - What are the two types of cell used in the
electrolysis of brine?
The diaphragm is placed in the centre of the cell and is placed there to ensure
hydrogen and chlorine gas cannot pass through, keeping the products separate - In
the diaphragm cell where is the diaphragm placed and what is its purpose?
Asbestos and polymers - What is the diaphragm in the diaphragm cell made of?
Semi-permeable - What is the name given to something that will allow one
substance to pass through but not another?
Cations - What does the membrane in brine electrolysis allow to pass through?
Polymers - What is the membrane made from in brine electrolysis?
D block - In which block of the periodic table could you find the transition metals?
Electrons in the outer shell are found in the D orbitals - Why is the section of the
periodic table containing transition metals called the D block?
They can lose different numbers of electrons forming numerous different metal
compounds - What is different about how transition metal ions form compared to
other metals?
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