- Summary notes for students who are taking A Level PE .
- Covers second year content of the Cambridge syllabus (9396).
- Contains diagrams and bullet points to summarise content.
-Useful for other exam boards besides CIE.
Personality: Unique characteristics and behaviour that make up an individual.
Trait Theory shows that personality characteristics are inherited and born with. Traits are
enduring and people display similar behaviours that are stable & consistent across all situations.
Girdano's Trait Theory- Narrow Band Approach
Type A: -Higher level of stress -More competitive -Work at a faster pace -Intolerance
Type B: -Lower level of stress -Less competitive -Work at a slower pace -Tolerance
Bandura's Social Leaming Theory: Personality and behaviour is determined by environmental
influences. Personality is developed through observing, modelling and copying other people,
usually people of higher status such as significant role models or through early socialisation
from parents. Consistent reinforcement throughout makes learning more likely.
lnteractionist Approach: Behaviour is a function of the personality and environment B=f(PE). It is
a combination of the trait and social learning theories, as behaviour changes with the situation.
Reasons for personality profiling: -Roles suited within a team -Useful to predict behaviour
Limitations of personality profiling:
-Results cannot be generalised as people act differently depending on the situation.
-Results are subjective and people view each other's personality differently.
-Results may be influenced by previous experiences and their present mood.
-Performers may lie and modify their true personality to fit the intended profiling.
-Performers may act differently if they are being judged (lacks ecological validity).
Attitude: The predisposition and view towards a situation.
Prejudice: A preconceived idea, often the negative aspect of attitude on how a person views or
acts towards an individual or group with certain behaviour characteristics (gender, race, age,
religion, disability). The opinions are generally biased and resistant to change.
Factors, origins and influences of attitude and prejudice:
-Socialisation from family or friends -Role models or Coaches -Media coverage
-Culture or religious backgrounds -Previous experiences and conditioning
Example of how coaches may display prejudice towards their players:
-Coaches may have unrealistic expectations of players (African players are the fastest).
-Coaches may put certain players in certain positions (white players are midfielder).
-Coaches may deny opportunities to others (reject idea of girls' team).
-Coaches spend more time coaching certain players (rich players get more practice).
, Component of attitudes (Triadic Model)
Cognitive: Knowledge/Belief - Knows that sport is good for you/Think sport causes fatigue.
Affective: Feelings/Emotions - Enjoys training / Dislikes training.
Behavioural: Intent to act - Regularly goes to training / Stopped going to training.
,, . Link between attitude and behaviour: Positive attitude leads to a more determined behaviour ( O,.f\
\ example will be persistence in participation). Negative attitude leads to less determined
behaviour (an example will be giving up on something). If the person believes in the value of the
activity or has a positive affective response, then he will be more likely to express functional
behaviour. If the person does not believe in the value of activity or has a negative affective
response, then he will be more likely to express dysfunctional behaviour.
Cognitive Dissonance: Alter an element of the triadic model to create conflict between the
components in order to make a change in attitude. Change the cognitive component by
updating the person's knowledge such as explaining how training is good for them. Change the
affective component by making training enjoyable and fun. Change the behavioural component
by making tasks easier and safer or punish negative attitudes that occur.
Persuasive Communication: Using persuader of a higher status to convince a change in
attitude. Analyse the recipient's resistance to change and decide whether to give further
instructions. Persuader being clear, accurate and consistent with his message to challenge the
recipient's existing mentality. Persuaders should control the timing on when the recipient should
take in the information and decide whether it is done in groups or individually.
Achievement Motivation: A goal-directed behaviour that measures the desire or drive to attain
success, the personality links to the degree of competitiveness of the performer.
-Probability of success: If the probability of success is low such as playing a top seed in an
international tennis tournament, the achievement motivation is high.
-Incentive value of success: If the incentive value of success is high such as the satisfaction you
get from beating the top seed, the achievement motivation is high.
If the probability of success is highly likely or unlikely, the incentive
value of success is low because of the lack of drive and desire. If
the probability of success is a 50/50 chance, the incentive value of
success is the highest because the increased competitiveness leads
to more functional goal-directed behaviour.
*Familiarity with tasks can also increase achievement motivation.
Probabiity ol succass
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