- Summary notes for students who are taking A level PE.
- Covers second year content of the Cambridge syllabus (9396).
- Contains diagrams and bullet points to summarise content.
- Useful for other exam boards besides CIE.
Ways Olympics acts as a social force -Athletes from all over the world meeting and
competing irrespective of colour, race, creed, and political belief.
-Promotion of international understanding. -Appreciation of cultural diversity.
-Supreme mental and physical challenge. -Fair play ideals.
-Peace, harmony, and co-operation to transcend political barriers.
How Olympics promote international understanding / appreciation of cultural diversity:
-Celebrate the culture of the host nation in the opening or closing ceremonies.
-Promote tolerance and respect for others. -Punish behaviours showing discrimination.
-Promote inclusion (idea that opportunities for sports are available for all).
-Experience unique sports from certain cultures or countries (e.g Sepak Takraw in Malaysia).
Conform fair play Ideals -Abide rules of the competition. -No gamesmanship.
-Good sportsmanship by respecting other performers and the officials.
-Modest in victory (shaking hands). -Generous in defeat (congratulating opponent).
Supreme mental & physlcal challenge -Striving for excellence in sport.
-Competing against the best in the world. -Achieving goals by giving one's best.
-Combination of strong body, will and mind.
Ancient Olympic Games -Held every four years at Olympia (776BC-393AD for 1000 years).
-Compulsory training period must be done prior to the games. -5-day competition.
-Religious ceremony in honour of the god Zeus. -Only Greek citizens allowed to compete.
-Prize-giving ceremony awards the one winner with olive wreaths.
-Severe punishments like flogging or paying fines for any cheating or rule-breaking behaviour.
AOG as a blueprint for the modern era -Held every four years. -Festival nature of sport.
-There is an opening ceremony where competitors swear to the Olympic oath.
-Events like athletics or wrestling are adapted to the modem games.
-Heralds proclaiming the Ancient Olympic Games was adapted to the Olympic torch.
-Fair play ideals and values are respected. -Specialised training is needed before the event.
-Victory ceremonies where medals replaced olive wreaths. -Certain eligibility standards.
-Promote peace and harmony between nations (Truce was ceased to unify states in AOG).
Difference between Ancient and Modern Olymplc Games:
-Ancient Olympics was a 5-day event, Modem Olympics are held over 2 weeks.
-Ancient Olympics only allowed males, Modem Olympics included women (except 1896 Athens)
-Ancient Olympics were always held at Olympia, Modern Olympics are held at various locations.
-Ancient Olympics awarded olive wreaths, Modem Olympics award medals to winners.
-Ancient Olympics held religious ceremonies, Modern Olympics remain secular.
'Wreath or Death' Mentality -Wreath awarded to the one winner. -'Win at all Cost' ethics.
-Death was more preferable than defeat. -Killing an opponent legal unless rules are broken.
-Competitors refusing to concede in fighting sports leading to casualties.
, Events In the Ancient Olympic Games -Stadia, Diaulos, Dolichos foot race -Hoplite race
-Discus -Javelin -Long jump -Wrestling -Pentathlon -Pankration -Chariot racing
Place of women In Ancient Olympic Games -Women were not allowed to compete.
-Married women were not allowed to spectate or they will face death penalty.
-Single women & priestesses were allowed to spectate. -Had separate games from men.
Structure of the IOC -Consists of 103 members. -Members are elected and invited by the IOC.
-1 President, 4 Vice Presidents and 1Oothers in the executive board. -Organise meetings.
-Link between outside agencies like NOCs and OCOGs. -Not all countries represented.
Role of the IOC -Manage the bidding process to choose the host of the Olympic Games.
-Promote education of youth through sport. -Lead the fight against doping in sport.
-Oppose political and commercial abuse of sport. -Promote Olympism and fair play ideals.
-Promote positive legacy to host countries. -Encourage concern for environmental issues.
Bidding process -Cities submit a bid 7-11 years prior. -Submit a detailed plan or video.
-Must have support by the local government. -Members of the evaluation committee visit cities.
-NOC oversees the bidding process. -Every member votes for 1 bid and the majority is selected.
Problems of bidding -Allegations of bribery and corruption in bidding that cause controversy.
-Lack of countries willing to bid for the Olympics Games due to the high cost.
-Criticism of host nations (e.g Human rights record for Beijing 2008).
-Economic benefits to the host city are disputed and the effect of the spiral of extravagance.
-Change of government and public opinion may lead the host to pull out after winning the bid.
Reasons there Is concerns that politics may corrupt the values of the Olympic Games:
-Athletes around the wortd should compete irrespective of their political beliefs.
-Olympic Games used to promote rivalry against nations to enhance ideologies (Berlin 1936).
-Olympic Games serve as a platform for confrontation (Mexico City 1968 Black Power Salute).
-Countries use athletes as pawns and put them at risk (Munich 1972 terrorist attack).
-Countries have the power to choose who can or cannot compete (Jews banned in Bertin 1936).
-Politics can impact the population of the country (Relocation of people in Beijing 2008).
Examples of promoting polltical Ideologies -Bertin 1936 Nazi propaganda.
-Sovet Union & China medal success used to promote communism.
-Los Angeles 1984 promotes western ideals & capitalism.
-Beijing 2008 used to enhance China's cultural and economic standing in the wor1d.
Examples of athletes as pawns for government:
-Boycotts prevented talented athletes from attending the games (e.g Moscow 1980 US boycott).
-Athletes used to promote nationalism (e.g Berlin 1936 showing superiority of the Aryan race).
-Athletes used as targets for terrorists {e.g Munich 1972 Israelis kidnapped by Palestinians).
-Athletes used to promote equality {e.g Indigenous athletes of NZ rugby team).
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