History AQA GCSE Health and the People: Key Individuals, printable notes made and used by Grade 9 History student. Summarises important facts about relevant key individuals, crucial for answering Question 3&4 of the exam paper with notes on each's significance, and helping/hindering factors. Simil...
History GCSE Health and the People: Key Individuals
Hippocrates
460BC – 370BC
Greek physician
A teacher and doctor who came up with the Theory of the Four Humours
Helping Factors Hindering Factors
- Role of the individual - Religion
- Communication
Significance THEN Significance NOW
- New theory of what caused disease – the - Hippocratic Oath is still used today.
imbalance of the 4 Humours. - Process of observation and recording still
- Established the Hippocratic Oath which used today (clinical observation) – scientific
doctors followed to try to do no harm to and useful for exploring the development of
their patients and allowed people to be diseases.
confidence in Doctors. - Theory of 4 Humours lasted for over 1000
- Process of observation and recording to years, having been preserved by Islamic
diagnose patients’ symptoms. This would and Christian medicine during Medieval
then lead to better treatments. period.
- Movement away from the gods towards
natural treatments rather than prayer,
however, this did not end the belief that
god caused illness. Most doctors still
believed in supernatural causes for disease.
Galen
131AD – 201AD
Greek but studied medicine in Egypt.
Greek physician, followed the works of Hippocrates, most celebrated physician in the Roman Empire,
revived the Theory of the Four Humours, created the Theory of the Four Opposites
Helping Factors Hindering Factors
- Role of the individual - Superstition and religion
- Government
- Communication
Significance THEN Significance NOW
- Revived methods of Hippocrates, which - His theories and practises of medicine were
aided the spread in his theory used and followed for around 1,500 years
- Developed the Theory of the Four after his death.
Opposites, provided methods of restoring - Had he not advocated and revived
the Four Humours. Hippocrates’ work, things like the
- He encouraged dissection acquired Hippocratic Oath would not be around
practical experience by being a doctor to today.
gladiators. - His books were used throughout the Middle
- Developed many accurate ideas on how the Ages, for many were the primary source of
body functions; he proved urine was information educating about medicine.
formed in the kidney. - Galen discovered the method of taking a
- He gave numerous public lectures and patient’s pulse to help with diagnosis, a
anatomical demonstrations teaching many practise still used frequently today.
of his discoveries.
, John Arderne
1307-1392
English surgeon born in London; considered a father of surgery
Worked as a surgeon on the battlefields and had a survival rate of 50%+
Helping Factors Hindering Factors
- Role of the individual - Science
- War
- Communication
- Chance
Significance THEN Significance NOW
- He encouraged doctors to have good - His method of operating on fistulas and
bedside manners and to utilise their idea of having a good bedside manner are
judgement or experience for treatment. both still used today.
- He created his own pain-killing ointment, - He set up a ‘Guild of Surgeons’ in London in
replacing the need for cauterisation, which 1368, which was later formalised by Henry
meant higher survival rates. VIII, and has later become known as the
- He shared his methods through a book Royal College of Surgeons which now works
called The Practise of Surgery, which to further revolutionise and enhance
educated other doctors on his revolutionary knowledge concerning surgery.
pain-killing ointment and successful
method of operating on fistulas.
John Bradmore
d. 1412
English surgeon, famous for extracting an arrowhead from Prince Henry after receiving an injury
during the Battle of Shrewsbury
Helping Factors Hindering Factors
- Science and technology - Religion
- Communication
- War
Significance
- Utilised/encouraged observation of patient
– critical in his success when removing the
arrowhead.
- No use of religion or superstition.
- He invented tongs as surgical tools.
- Used honey as an antiseptic.
- Written documentation of success in a
detailed description of how he removed the
arrowhead.
- Phenomenal understanding of need/how to
remove arrowhead: wound may close up,
he was working against time, he must enter
the wound at the same angle as the arrow.
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