Year 2 lecture notes on the topic NMR (Nuclear Magnetic Resonance), taught by Professor Steve Matthews at Imperial College London. Course: Bsc Biochemistry. Module: Structural Biology.
Analytical: for correct product and its purity in synthesis
check
-structure: chemical shifts and coupling helps to identify molecular structure
-
3D structure: measure distances w/ Nuclear Overhauser Effect (NOES
-Molecular Interactions: mapping w/chemical shift and NOES
-
Molecular dynamics: relaxation and the NMR time scale to monitor
Kinetic and characterize movement of proteins
Medical Applications
- NMR
Imaging: encode spatial dimension in data
e.g. MRI for soft tissues, X-rays for bones
-metabolomics: take bodily fluids (blood, urine) to get metabolic
profiling of organisms
Nuclear Properties
any nucleus can be characterised by mass, charge and nuclear angular momentum (P)
p =
c(I)I + 1(I)
where h = Planck's constant and I: nuclear spin
All subatomic particles (protons, neutrons and electrons) possess an intrinsic angular momentum,
I (the
property of nuclear spins
-nucleus rotates about an axis
-vector (direction and magnitude (
-w/magnetic momentum n =
5P
where is the of the nucleus
gyromagnetic ratio
larger 8, larger spin
When charged particles spin, there is magnetic moment m ... a
magnetic
field is generated (acc. to right hand rule (
anticlockwisespin 0:Mup +(spinstate"z)
clockwise spin t= down t (spin value-")(
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There are (2I+1) possible states of spin between -
1 and I
either no. of protons or neutrons is
odd, spin= (multiples of 2)
(2x+ 1) ... 2 possible spin states
↳ 2 and -42
both no. of protons and neutrons are
odd, spin= I
12x 1+ 1).:3 possible spin states
↳-1,0 and 1
·no. of protons & no. of neutrons are
both even, spin = 0 (no total spin
and higher abundance higher sensitivity
largers =
According to Pauli Exclusion
* Principle, 2 particles on same
energy level cannot have same spin
In NMR, nuclei is exposed to an external magnetic field
excited State:spin is antiparallel to
external magnetic field
opposite:higher energy
ground state: spin parallel
is to external
magnet field
same direction ... lower energy
Energy gap (OE) depends on strength
applied magnetic field
of and z
>larger energy gap: higher sensitivity
↳
apply electromagnetic radiation to promote nuclei from ground state to excited state
(energy gained (
change of state will cause a signal to be observed in NMR
↳ spectroscopy
This process of NMR spectroscopy is inefficient and cannot be used larger & more complex
biological molecules/ enzymes
Newer process involves Larmor precession
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