Notes summarising topics: Introduction to organic chemistry, Alkanes, Halogenoalkanes, Alkenes, Alcohols, Organic Analysis. Includes drawings and sections of the specification.
Molecularformula actualnumber ofatoms ofeachelement ca
structuralformula shows theatoms carbon carbonwithattached
by
hydrogen andfunctional groups ca ch Brcha chaBr
chacha
Displayed formula All bonds
I
empiricalformula simplestwholeno
I a
ratiosdividemolecular bybiggestfav
General formula algebraic formula forfamilyof compoun
Homologous series family ofcompounds withsamefunction
group andgeneralformula
skeletal formula
Functional Groups
Tx
Mn
Alkanes CnHantz atleastonehalog
saturated
II F
ÉÉ É É e
cycloalkanes ringof carbon d
atomseach with2h entian onemainchainwith
still saturated oneormore carbonscom
a it I
longest chain length
Oside chains withnumbers in it
3 ethyl 2,4 dimethylpentane Igg n
O cyclo whatever Alkenes ECdoublebond Alcohols
therfunctional groups on2n unsaturated so reactive
oh H H É o
Tec
Alkyl
onestpriority
Alkenes Others
d
alogens H
oh
Aldehydes oneend of
highest priority
1em methyl 940
pentane ketones
no bond but carbon chain has c 0 bo
name comesfrom longestchain containing not on theend R co R a Cho al
unctional group
Hi E ÉÉ É H
somers
hainisomers differentarrangements
if it
pent 4 en Z one
I ayyy
M Cahn ing'd logpriority canopicpads carboxy
Positionisomers functionalgroupin differentposition Rules
group R cook
arrangedwith Higheratomicnumberhas
ferentfunctionalgroup hex l eneand cyclohexane higherpriority
H É É H
Elz Isomers If atomsarethesamethen y
Mighty
c c c Br
s arrangeddifferentlyinspace look at nextatomalong
eight
stereoisomers
sameas
c c can't rotate but C C can
E Entegagen Opposite
onlysingtonds
vaporised at 3sec offractionatingcolumnshortest at bottom
Bottom
se andformresidueatbottom
Largestdon'tvapor
Boilingpointofalkanesincreases
withchainlength snorterhydrocarbonscondense
tothetop
closer
, Cracking breakinglongchainalkanes
intosmaller hydrocarbons Gases Ci Cu LPG
Decane ethene octane Petrol es c petrol
Iatnied
Thermal cracking Naptha Ca Cia Petrochemicals
1000C and 70atm ancenes kerosene on cis Jetfuel
catalytic cracking Gasoil as Cig Diesel
zeolitecatalyst soooo aromatic Hcs oil
Mineral Cao Cao lubricating
and hydrocarbons formotorMd Fuelat CaoCao ships
cutscosts and speeds rateofreaction waxgrease CaoCso candles
penmen got roadsurfacin
complete combustion
Hsg song 3cozy 4420cg
incomplete combustion
CsHsig t 34202cg 30cg t 4420cg
catalytic converters I bind to haemoglobin molecules
Nitrogenoxides Nox in reaction between Nator
produced
unburnt hydrocarbons react with nitrogen oxides in thepresenceof
sunlight to produce Os ozone componentofsmog
C H so 300 4h20 unburnthydrocarbons
2NO N Oz nitrogenoxides
2NO 200 o N z t 210 carbonmonoxide
catalytic converters honeycomb shape andcoated in rhodiumand
palladiumcatalysts
sulfur dioxide so dissolves in water to form acid rain
removedfrom powerstation thegases Alkalineslurrymade so
reacts with calcium compounds
Caois so ego casoxes
Global Warming
gases absorb infrared energy and emit somebac
Greenhouse
towardsearth t Greenhouse Effect
É
ralogentarcane haloarcane in photochemical reaction Chlorofluorocarbons
neeradicals formed whencovalentbond started by uv
putsequally ozoneformedwhen o molecule brokendowninto 2 free
verall equation cha t ch 8 case that radicalsby uvradiation Oz o t o 02 0 03
nitiation Cia's act Uvlight needed o formed when c a broken by orradiation fromorcs
ropogation Ci city to.ch Hel cels f t cel f t ca catalyse reaction withozone
oh a cash t ci cc 03 Oz t do
Monneexcess hydrogenatoms replacedby chlorine coly Clo t o d 202 Cl
ethane excess methane mostly
chloro
ermination two freeradicals join
as t ch o cette
a a s ca
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