GCSE AQA Chemistry Higher - Topic 1: The Periodic Table, Chemistry Trip
Science GCSE - Ionic Bonding, Covalent Bonding and States of Matter
2022
1. Ionic bonding:: - The electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions.
- metals lose electrons = positive ions.
- non-metals gain electrons = negative ions.
2. Covalent bonding:: - a bond formed when non-metal atoms share one or more
pairs of electrons.
- forms molecules.
3. Ways in which mixtures can be separated: (5): - filtration
- crystallisation
- simple distillation
- fractional distillation
- chromatography
4. Examples of mixtures:: air, salt water, crude oil
5. Filtration:: - Separates insoluble solids from liquids.
- Can also be used to purify reaction mixtures of solid impurities.
6. Evaporation - What does it do?: - Separates soluble solids from solutions.
- Can only use this method if the salt doesn't decompose when heated.
- Otherwise, you have to use crystallisation.
7. Simple Distillation - What does it do?: - Separates out a liquid from a solution.
- Can only use it to separate things with very different boiling points.
- Can use simple distillation to get pure water from seawater.
8. Simple Distillation - Method:: 1) The solution is heated. The part of the solution
that has the lowest boiling point evaporates first.
2) The vapour is then cooled and condensed in the condenser, before being
collected in a beaker.
3) The rest of the solution is left behind in the original flask (e.g. salt from seawater).
9. Fractional Distillation - What does it do?: - Separates a mixture of liquids with
similar boiling points.
- E.g. Separation of crude oil at a refinery.
10. Mendeleev:: - Created the first periodic table.
- Arranged elements by increasing atomic mass.
- Switched order of elements if the properties meant it should be changed.
- Gaps were left in the table - made sure elements with similar properties stayed
in the same group.
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, GCSE AQA Chemistry Higher - Topic 1: The Periodic Table, Chemistry Trip
Science GCSE - Ionic Bonding, Covalent Bonding and States of Matter
2022
11. Where are metals located on the periodic table?: left side
12. Where are non-metals located on the periodic table?: right side
13. What are the vertical columns on the periodic table called?: groups
14. What are the horizontal columns on the periodic table called?: columns
15. Metals:: - elements which can form positive ions when they react.
- most elements in the periodic table are metal.
- non-metals don't generally form positive ions when they react.
16. Physical properties of metals:: - shiny appearance.
- strong but malleable.
- good conductors of heat and electricity.
- have high melting/boiling points.
17. Physical properties of non-metals:: - dull appearance.
- brittle.
- aren't always solids at room temp.
- insulators.
- lower density than metals.
18. Group 1 metals:: - Are all soft and have a low density.
- trends going down group 1 include:
1) increasing reactivity
2) lower melting/boiling points
3) higher relative atomic mass
19. Group 1 reactions with water:: - reacts vigorously with water.
- produce hydrogen gas and metal hydroxides.
- energy given out by the reaction increases down the group.
20. Group 1 reactions with chlorine:: - reacts vigorously with chlorine gas.
- produces white metal chloride salts.
21. Group 1 reactions with oxygen:: - forms a metal oxide, dependent on the
group 1 metal:
E.g.:
lithium --> lithium oxide.
sodium --> sodium oxide + sodium peroxide.
22. Group 7 halogens:: - trends going down group 7 include:
1) Less reactive.
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