Summary Short Notes->Aldehydes,Ketones and Carboxylic Acids, Grade 12, India.
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Module
Organic Chemistry
Institution
Sixth Year / 12th Grade
These are Short notes covering all important and needed points on the chapter of Aldehydes,Ketones and Carboxylic Acids.An important chapter for all competitive exams as well as Boards. This pdf can be used for quick revision before a test.
Aldehydes,Ketones and Carboxylic acids Short
Notes -Arnav V.
Part1: Aldehydes and Ketones
>Dipole-Dipole Attraction Forces (Keesom) forces b/w these molecules.
#Methods of Preparation
Sr.No. Method Product Any Side Note Side Note Pt2
1. Gem Dihalides with aq Same numbered Remove both -
KOH in excess Carbon Halogens, Add
Aldehyde/Keto double bond O
ne
2. Malpred’s Reagent (HIO4) 2 moles of Add OH on Remove H2O
and Vicinal Alcohols Aldehyde/Keto either side of from each
ne bond joining the Carbon atom (as
vic C atoms its unstable)
3. Hydrolysis of Alkynes Aldehyde/Keto Keto-enol Tauto
ne
4. Hydroboration of Alkynes Aldehyde/Keto H2O using AMR Remember the
Hydrogen atom
comes from
Borohydride
OH from
peroxide
5. Oxidation of Alcohols Aldehyde/Keto SOA is KMnO4 Wherever OH
(IMP) using SOA (strong ne It will oxidise till convert to
oxid agent) the Acid Stage. double bond O,
To prevent this, adjust that
maintain temp Carbon’s
more than BP valency
of aldehyde.
6. Using MnO2 (only Allylic Aldehyde/Keton Convert CH2OH -
or Benzylic Alcohols) e to CHO
7. Dry Distillation of Ca Salts Attach both Reactant can be Remove CaCO3
of Carboxylic Acids sides of the given as 2 Acetic The reactant
, compound, get Acid + Ca(OH)2 looks like
keto/aldehyde. Anhydride,
except, instead
of the middle O
in anhydride,
add Ca and on
its either side
write a single
bond O.
8. 2 moles of Carboxylic Get Remove CO2
Acid with MnO at 300C Aldehyde/Keton from one
e molecule,
remove H2O
ONLY ALDEHYDES:
9. Rosenmund’s Reaction Same number of Acid If H2/Pd isn't
Carbon Chloride+Poison poisoned by
Aldehydes. ed H2 BaSO4, you will
get alcohol.
10. Stephen’s Reaction Cyanides Using SnCl2 in Release of NH3
convert to same presence of HCl, gas.
membered finally Hydrolysis
Aldehydes
ONLY KETONES:
11. Using Dimethyl Cadmium Acid Chloride -Two moles of Whatever Alkyl
converts to Reactant. group is
Ketone. -CdCl2 goes present on
away Cadmium, that
replaces Cl.
12. Using Grignard Reagent Replace Cl on Ketone is formed Further reaction
acid chloride by using the Methyl with GR will give
Alkyl in GR. group present on alcohol.
GR
#Properties of Aldehydes and Ketones
1)NAR reactions [NAR is inversely prop to Steric Hindrance, and +I]
[Directly Prop to magnitude of +ve charge on Carbonyl Carbon]
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