Summary
Summary iGCSE Chemistry Pearson Edexcel Topic 1 Principles of Chemistry Complete Notes
iGCSE Chemistry Pearson Edexcel Topic 1 Principles of Chemistry Complete Notes
[Show more]
Content preview
IGCSE CHEMISTRY – TOPIC 1PRINCIPLES OF CHEMISTRY
a) STATES OF MATTER
• SOLIDS – regular arrangement, repeating pattern, close
together, touching each other, vibrate about fixed
positions but do not move apart, stronger force
between particles than a liquid, fixed volume and shape
• LIQUID – irregular arrangement, close together and
touching each other, move around and slide past one
another, not as strong as a solid, no fixed shape but
fixed volume
• GAS – irregular arrangement, far apart, move freely and
collide with each other, no/very weak force between
particles, no fixed shape or volume
INTERCONVERSION OF STATES:
3
, • MELTING – process of converting solid to liquid (MELTING POINT – the
temperature at which a solid begins to melt – ice melts at 0°C)
o When a solid is heated the PARTICLES GAIN KINETIC ENERGY and
start to vibrate faster about their fixed position. When the
temperature is high enough, the vibration of particles becomes
sufficient to OVERCOME THE FORCES OF ATTRACTION between
them. The particles begin to break away from their regular
pattern. They can now slide past each other. The solid becomes a
liquid.
• EVAPORATION/BOILING – process of converting liquid to gas (BOILING
POINT – the temperature at which a liquid begins evaporates – water
boils at 100°C)
o When a liquid is heated, the PARTICLES GAIN KINETIC ENERGY and
mover further apart. Eventually, the ATTRACTIVE FORCES IN THE
LIQUID ARE BROKEN. Bubbles of gaseous particles escape from
the liquid. The substance becomes gas.
• CONDENSATION – process by which a gas turns to a liquid
o When a gas is cooled, the PARTICLES LOSE KINETIC ENERGY and
the attractive forces become great enough to keep the particles
closer together as a liquid.
• SUBLIMATION – the process by which a gas turns directly to solid
o The solid PARTICLES GAIN KINETIC energy and vibrate faster.
Eventually, the forces of attraction between the particles are
completely broken and they escape from the solid as a gas.
• FREEZING – the process by which a liquid turns into a solid
o When a liquid is cooled, the particles LOSE THEIR KINETIC ENERGY.
When the temperature is low enough, the particles no longer
have the energy to slide over each other. The forces of attraction
can hold the particles together in a regular pattern. The substance
becomes solid.
4
The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:
Guaranteed quality through customer reviews
Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.
Quick and easy check-out
You can quickly pay through credit card for the summaries. There is no membership needed.
Focus on what matters
Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!
Frequently asked questions
What do I get when I buy this document?
You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.
Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?
Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.
Who am I buying these notes from?
Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller anish24shah. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.
Will I be stuck with a subscription?
No, you only buy these notes for £7.49. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.
Can Stuvia be trusted?
4.6 stars on Google & Trustpilot (+1000 reviews)
78140 documents were sold in the last 30 days
Founded in 2010, the go-to place to buy revision notes and other study material for 14 years now