This document will offer all the knowledge needed in the exam about big data. Besides definitions, concepts and examples, this document offers the critical perspective on Big Data argued by Ghunther (2017).
Organisational Information
Systems and Their Impact
In this topic we will define how information systems is used and its impacts:
- Information Systems pervade the modern organisation
- You are responsible for the success of the company and being able to
manage changes when they occur is a must
Computing architecture and the Cloud
Regardless of the complexity of the software application, it will always have the
following components:
- User Interface Layer – instructions about how the UI should look and operate
- Application Logic Layer – information about the functionalities of the program
- Data Management Layer – where an how to stoke application’s data
Mainframe and terminals – huge hardware used by companies/organizations to
perform hundreds of simultaneous users
Stand-Alone Personal Computing – PC, laptop that can execute instructions and run
software applications independently
Cloud Computing – use the internet to extract digital resources (applications,
computational and storage resources)
Netflix, Spotify, Reddit or Airbnb are using Amazon’s server infrastructure – Amazon
Web Services (AWS)
Software as a service (SaaS) – when an application runs fully in the cloud – Gmail,
Dropbox, Salesforce.
Platform as a service (PaaS) – when the provide offers a platform on which the
client builds its own applications, rather than offering a complete working application.
This model is used for testing or development of applications as the components are
already in place
Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) – when the client purchases the use of hardware
functionality – computational power, storage, and network connectivity. You basically
rent the hardware.
, Cloud advantages:
1. Lower entry barriers – you can test your software applications on already
existing hardware, there is no need to buy it nowadays
2. Faster innovation – immediate access to digital resources
3. Higher scalability – solutions can easily grow
Categorizing Organizational Information Systems
Types of hierarchies
- Functional perspective – functional systems rely on the principle of the local
optimization
- Process perspective – lack of integration across organizational functions
Business Process Reengineering (BPR) – managerial approach that suggests a
process view of the organisational activities seeking internal business integration and
rationalization of activities across separate functions and units.
This approach allow the firm to “stop paving the cow path” and achieve drastic
performance improvements
The dark side of reengineering
- Resistance form those involved – people get used with current technology
and they hardly embrace the change
- Expensive
Enterprise systems
Its goal of integration is to organize, streamline and simplify a process or an
application.
1. Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)
ERP are modular, integrated software applications that cover all organisational
functions and rely on one database at the core.
Characteristics:
- Modularity: organized in separate elements by functions. Customers may
choose which module they need
- Application and data integration: an event in one module (Sales) will influence
another module (manufacturing schedule)
- Configurability: allows personal customisation
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