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Module
Biology IGCSE 0610
Institution
Book
Cambridge IGCSE(tm) Biology 4th Edition
This document will help you understand and recognize the whole chapter and will enable you to solve your past papers perfectly. Tips and tricks from previous exams are included. Color codes are included
immunity disease igcse notes for cambridge examinations
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BIO
LOGY
Dr Ahmed Nasser
Extended curriculum
O-level
, Immunity and Disease
Pathogen
A pathogen is a microorganism (tiny in size so can only be seen by
microscope) that causes a disease by living on body of a host and
ER
breeding there. (A disease causing organism)
SS
NA
D
ME
Mechanism of causing disease
AH
Some pathogens produce poisonous waste products called toxins which
cause damage to host cells.
DR
Other pathogens invade host cells and live inside them using up their
resources and reproduce producing large colonies.
The immune response generated from the host body gives rise to the
following symptoms: raised temperature, headache, tiredness and
weakness, and sometimes diarrhea and vomiting
,Diseases
Infectious NON
Transmissible Infectious
Diseases transmitted from Diseases not transmitted from
individual to another individual to another
Indirect
ER
Degenerative disease:
Check next page bronchitis and COPD
Vitamin deficiency: scurvy or
Direct
rickets
SS
Cancer: genetic predisposition
The passing of a pathogen to an
and risk factors such as UV ray
uninfected person is called
exposure
NA
transmission.
Congenital disease: down
The entry of the pathogen into
syndrome and heart defects
the body is known as infection.
The person (or animal) in which
the pathogen lives and breeds is
D
said to be a host for that
pathogen.
ME
By TOUCH: Athlete's foot
By BLOOD or PLACENTA: HIV
(AIDS)
AH
By SEXUAL INTERCOURSE: HIV,
Gonorrhea, Syphilis, Hepatitis B
DR
, Indirect
transmission
Respiratory passages (AIR): Droplets in air if you someone ill coughs
or sneezes
eg: (influenza, TB, common cold)
ER
In contaminated food: Salmonella can enter your alimentary canal
with the food you eat
SS
NA
In contaminated water: The bacterium causing cholera & typhoid
and the virus causing poliomyelitis are transmitted in water; if you
D
swim in contaminated water or drink it you are at risk of catching the
disease
ME
By vector: protozoan parasite (Plasmodium) is transmitted from
AH
person to person by the bites of infected mosquitoes of the genus
Anopheles (vector) causing malaria. Dogs and racoons are vectors
for rabies virus.
DR
, HIV (AIDS)
HIV is commonly passed on by drug addicts who share needles with other
drug users.
Surgeons carrying out operations have to be especially careful not to be in
direct contact with the patient’s blood.
A person with HIV or another sexually transmitted disease who has
ER
unprotected sex, can pass on the pathogen to their partner through body
fluids.
During delivery of a baby of HIV infected mother the baby will get exposed to
the mother's blood and body fluids.
SS
NA
Fungal infection
D
ME
The species of fungus that affects the feet usually causes cracks in
the skin between the toes. This is known as ‘athlete’s foot’.
It can be transmitted by wearing infected socks or shoes, or from the
floors of showers and swimming pools.
AH
Influenza
Caused by a virus.
Airborne
DR
Transmitted by sneezing, coughing (inhaling infected droplets)
Antibiotics are not effective in treating influenza, because influenza is a virus
and antibiotics are ONLY effective against bacteria and not effective
against viruses.
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