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Summary Elements and Chemical Reactions
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- Bishop Burton College
Book Summary containing brief notes on atoms, compounds, molecules, chemical reactions, biochemical compounds
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Elements CompoundsA compound is formed when two or more different elements
combine in a fixed ratio by mass.
The composition of a compound is always the same.
Atoms
Biochemical Compounds
Atom = the smallest unit of matter that retains all of
the chemical properties of an element.
Composed of two regions: the nucleus (which is in the Biochemical Compounds = The compounds found in living
centre of the atom and contains protons and neutrons), things.
and the outermost region (holds its electrons in orbit
around the nucleus). Why is carbon so basic to life? Carbon’s ability to form
stable bonds with many elements, including itself. This
The 4 elements common to all living organisms are: property allows carbon to form a huge variety of very large
oxygen (O), carbon (C), hydrogen (H), + nitrogen (N).
and complex molecules.
Molecules Polymers = Very large molecules, built of repeating units of
smaller compounds called monomers.
A molecule is formed when two or more atoms join All biochemical compounds contain the elements carbon,
together.
hydrogen, and oxygen. Some contain only these elements;
Chemical bond = a force that holds together the atoms
of molecules. Bonds in molecules involve atoms sharing others contain additional elements as well.
electrons. The vast number of biochemical compounds can be grouped
into four major classes: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and
nucleic acids.
Chemical Reactions
Ionizations
Reactions occur when atoms combine or separate from other atoms.
When some atoms dissolve in water they become charged particles called ions, either positively
or negatively charged. Ions may have one, two or sometimes three charges.
Positive Ions = e.g H+ Hydrogen Negative Ions = e.g. OH- Hydroxyl
Positive and negative ions attract one another to hold compounds together. They conduct
electricity when dissolved in water. Substances that ionize in this way are known as electrolytes.
Organic and Inorganic Compounds
The molecules in an animal’s body fall into two groups: inorganic compounds and organic
compounds.
Inorganic compounds: do not contain carbon. E.g. water, sodium chloride, potassium hydroxide.
Water is the most abundant, making up 60% of the volume of cells and 90% of body fluids. Other
compounds help keep the pH balance and concentration of the blood and other body fluids stable
Organic compounds e.g. carbohydrates, proteins and fats/lipids. All contain carbon atoms and
they tend to be larger and more complex molecules, largely because each carbon atom can link
with four other atoms. Can consist of from one to thousands of carbon atoms joined to form
chains, branched chains and rings. All organic compounds also contain hydrogen and may also
contain other elements.
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