Summary Psychology Chapter 22 Notes - Substance abuse and psychopharmacology
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Module
Psychology (PSIN1514)
Institution
University Of The Freestate (UFS)
Book
Psychology
Psychology notes based on the textbook "Psychology and introduction" the 4th edition by L. Swartz, C. De la Rey, N. Duncan, L Townsend, Vivien O'Neill. This document is about the topic of Substance abuse and psychopharmacology.
Lecture notes Introduction in Psychology (PSYC101) Psychology
Lecture notes Introduction in Psychology (PSYC101) Psychology
Lecture notes Introduction in Psychology (PSYC101) Psychology
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Chapter 22
Substance abuse and psychopharmacology
Terminology
• Substance misuse: Substance use which results in adverse consequences that are not
recurrent (e.g. single drunken-driving charge)
• Substance abuse: Maladaptive pattern of substance use that has significant negative
consequences and is recurrent (being late for work repeatedly due to a hangover from
alcohol abuse the previous night)
• Substance dependence: Cluster of cognitive, behavioural and physiological symptoms
indicating compulsive substance use despite significant substance related problems.
(Alcoholism)
• Addiction: A primary chronic disease of brain reward, motivation, memory and related
circuitry, involves craving, an inability to abstain, reduced ability to recognize problems in
behaviour and relationships and problematic emotional response.
• Drug dependence: Physical and/or psychological dependence. In physical dependence the
individual must maintain a certain level of drug in his/her bloodstream to function
effectively. Not taking the drug will result in withdrawal and a compulsive need to find and
use the drug-induced sense of well-being. Psychological dependence refers to the craving
for positive feelings associated with the drug
• Cross-dependence: Type of drug dependency where people develop a dependency on a
drug that was initially used to relieve the withdrawal symptoms caused by ceasing
(stopping) another drug
• Drug tolerance: Need to consume increasing amounts of the drug to experience the
desired effect.
• Metabolic tolerance: Need for higher dosages of a drug to achieve the same
psychopharmacological effects as before due to the liver accelerating the rate at which
these drugs are decomposed.
• Pharmacodynamic tolerance: Greater dosages of a drug is needed due to cellular
adaptation and reduced receptor sensitivity.
• Cross-tolerance: Reduced response to a drug because of previous exposure to another
drug in the same family.
• Drug potency: The absolute minimum of a drug that is required to achieve a desired effect
• Drug efficacy: The ability of the drug to achieve the desired therapeutic effect
• Drug dose: The quality or volume of drug that is administered
• Effective dose: Dose of the drug that has been determined to produce the desired effect in
the majority of people with the fewest possible side effects.
, Causes of substance use and disorders
• Aetiology: Causes of disorders and diseases
• Multiple causes
Risk and resilience among adolescents
Theories look at: Individual, interpersonal and environmental factors as causes
Risk and resilience approach
• There are multiple factors that increase susceptibility of an adolescent’s risk for substance
disorders
o Environmental
o Behavioural
• The more risk factors are present; the higher the risk for developing a substance abuse
disorder.
• Risk is mediated by protective factors that provide resilience to withstand pressures of
risky environments
• Risk factors predict likelihood of vulnerability. Protective factors predict decreased
likelihood of vulnerability in high risk environments.
Risk and resilience approach model.
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