Sheema anfal 12BM/Bi
Unit 8
Physiology of the human body system
The musculoskeletal system
Our skeleton helps us in many different ways. it allows movement, our skeleton
helps you stand and move by supporting your body weight. The joints, connective
tissue, and muscles together to make your body move. Our skeleton also produces
blood cells. According to Cleveland 2022 Bone marrow is found in bones. Several
types of blood cells are produced in the bone marrow, including red and white blood
cells other than that Protects and supports organs The skull protects your brain,
the ribs protect your heart and lungs, and the backbone protects your spine. Bones
also Stores minerals, for example minerals like calcium and vitamin D. the Skeletal
system gives shape, without that we would have no structure or shape in our body
we would be like a jelly, not being able to walk, run, sit, stand or any other movement.
As a result, we would be completely immobile without our bones, What If. Our most
basic survival needs, such as breathing and eating, would also be impossible without
the ability to move. The absence of bones means that we don't have ribcages, which
prevents lung expansion during inhalation. Our air passages would be left wide open
to infection and illness if we needed breathing assistance through a ventilator. As well
as breathing assistance, feeding assistance would be needed since humans can't
chew without jawbones. Additionally, we would have inadequate protection for vital
organs, such as the brain, making them vulnerable to life-threatening injuries.
Ultimately, bones are essential to our survival. Without them, we wouldn't have the
same chances of surviving.
It consists of 80 bones in the central core of your body, including the skull (cranial
bones and facial bones), the ears, the neck, your back (vertebrae, sacrum and
tailbone), and your rib cage (sternum and ribs). Besides protecting your brain, spinal
cord, heart, lungs and other important organs, your axial skeleton also
Protects your spinal cord. 206 bones are found in the adult human body, which are
divided
Into two primary parts: the appendicular skeleton and the axial skeleton. As your
vertical axis runs through your body, your axial skeleton is formed by bones running
parallel to it. 'Axial' comes
From the Latin word "axis" which means "line. As your body moves, your bones line up
along its central core.
Besides your head, neck, back, and chest, you also have an axial skeleton made up of
bones. All the bones attached to your axial skeleton are part of your appendicular
skeleton. It is composed of the bones in the shoulders, pelvis, arms, hands, legs, and
feet, which make up the appendicular skeleton. The axial skeleton provides support
and shields our brain, spinal cord and some other organs in our body. Your axial
skeleton is where your body's muscles that move your head, neck, and trunk are
attached. These muscles support your appendicular skeleton and aid in breathing. The
skull bones, ossicles of the middle ear, hyoid bone of the neck, vertebra (bones of the
spine), and thoracic cage make up the five components of your axial skeleton
(ribcage).
,Sheema anfal 12BM/Bi
Our axial skeleton contains the bones in our skull, ossicles, neck, vertebral column
and ribcage
(See appendix 1):
Skull
Eight cranial bones and fourteen facial bones make up your skulls in two sets of
bones. Your skull's top and rear are made up of cranial bones, which support and
safeguard your brain. Among the eight cranial bones are:
Double parietal bones (left and right).
Double temporal bones (left and right).
Single frontal bone.
Single occipital bone.
Single ethmoid bone.
Single sphenoid bone.
Your skull's face is made up of your facial bones, which also serve as the doorway to
your body. Among the 14 facial bones are:
Two maxilla bones (left and right).
Two zygomatic bones (left and right).
One mandible bone.
Two nasal bones (left and right).
Two palatine bones (left and right).
Two nasal concha bones (left and right).
Two lacrimal bones (left and right).
One vomer bone.
Ossicles
The tiniest bones in your body are the auditory ossicles in your middle ear. Your
eardrum sends vibrations to your inner ear through these small bones. The bones in
the middle ear include:
Two malleus bones (one in each ear).
Two incus bones (one in each ear).
Two stapes bones (one in each ear).
Vertebral column
The vertebral column, or spine, includes 24 vertebrae plus your sacrum and your
tailbone (coccyx). The vertebral column extends from the base of your skull to your
pelvis. It’s grouped into five sections:
, Sheema anfal 12BM/Bi
Seven cervical vertebrae: These bones form your neck and hold your head.
12 thoracic vertebrae: These bones form the rear anchor of your ribcage.
Five lumbar vertebrae: These bones connect to your back muscles and bear
most our body's weight.
Sacrum: The sacrum is a triangular bone that forms the back wall of your
pelvis.
Coccyx (tailbone): The coccyx sits at the bottom of your spine and connects to
many muscles in your body.
Ribcage
Your heart, lungs, and other internal organs are safeguarded by the thoracic cage, or
ribcage. It is connected to the respiratory and arm-movement muscles. You have
several bones in your ribcage.
Sternum (breastbone): This is a long, flat bone which runs down the middle of
your chest.
24 ribs: Most people have 12 pairs of ribs (Supernumerary ribs occur in
about 0.5% of the population.)
The bones in our body come in a range of forms and sizes. The four basic forms of
bones are long, short, flat and irregular (see appendix 2):
Long Bones
Long bones are defined as bones that are longer than they are wide. They are made
up of a long shaft and
Two large extremities. Although they may have a significant quantity of spongy bone
at the ends or extremities, they are largely made of compact bone. Leg, arm, and
forearm bones are examples of long
Bones.
Short Bones
Short bones have about equal vertical and horizontal diameters and are generally
cube-shaped. They are
Mainly made of spongy bone that is covered with a thin layer of compact bone. Ankle
and wrist bones are examples of short bones.
Flat bones
Bones that are flat are typically thin, flattened, and bent. Most of the cranium's bones
are flat bones.
Irregular bones
Irregular bones are those that don't fit into one of the three categories. They are
mostly made of spongy
