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Lecture notes Unit 14A - Applications of Organic Chemistry
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BTECQualifications: Pearson BTEC Level 3 National Extended Certificate in Applied Science
Unit number and title: Unit 14: Applications of Organic Chemistry
Learning aim: Understand the structures, reactions, and properties of functional
Group compounds.
Assignment title Functional group chemistry for designer molecules
Halogenoalkanes
Halogenoalkanes use a reaction called elimination reactions in the presence of sodium or
potassium hydroxide, both
bromopropane have reacted to
give alkene propene. The
hydrogen was removed from one
end of the carbon atom, while
also the same thing happened to the bromine while in the centre. In other words the elimination
reaction being removed is known as the adjacent carbon atom and so the double bonds have
been set up by the carbon atoms.
type of halogenoalkane substitution or elimination?
primary mainly substitution
secondary both substitution and elimination
tertiary mainly elimination
Examples of halogenoalkanes
An example of this can be a tertiary halogenoalkanes as they will tend to get an elimination
reaction whereas the primary tend to substitution reactions but this can be influenced by
changing the condition such as solvent. Also another example can be methyl chloride and ethyl
bromide are examples of haloalkanes.
(https://www.vedantu.com/chemistry/haloalkanes-and-haloarenes)(18/02/22)
Conditions
● Ethanol encourages elimination
● Water encourages substitution
● Temperature comes into effect via depending if high temperature it encourages an
elimination reaction and low temperature encourages substitution reaction
, ● The concentration of the solvent (potassium and sodium hydroxide)
(Info and diagrams)(https://www.chemguide.co.uk/mechanisms/elim/elimvsubst.html)
(18/02/22)
The halogenoalkanes is heated under reflux with the solution of sodium hydroxide, heating the
solution up may mean a loss of volatile substance.In elimination reactions the element being
removed is adjacent carbon even having a double bond between them.
(halogenoalkanes (haloalkanes) and hydroxide ions)(25/01/22)
Either potassium hydroxide or sodium hydroxide,they both have strong bases and they react
with water to release thermal energy.
(Side by Side Comparison: Potassium Hydroxide and Sodium Hydroxide - Similarities,
Differences and Use Cases | Noah Chemicals)(01/02/22)
In nucleophilic substitution,
halogenoalkanes go through
electronegativity, which gives them a
partially positive charge element carbon
atom. All the halogens other than iodine
are more electronegative.
Also, the positive charge makes the carbon
atom open to attack from nucleophiles,
although the C-I bond is nonpolar, it's
highly polarised. It's involving ionisation of
halogenoalkanes;
Followed by a very rapid attack by carbonation. The halogenoalkanes heated under reflux,
under the presence of sodium and potassium hydroxide in a mixture of water+ethanol.
(https://socratic.org/questions/why-do-haloalkanes-undergo-nucleophilic-substitution)(25/01/22)
(https://www.chemguide.co.uk/mechanisms/nucsub/hydroxide.html)(26/01/22)(diagram and info)
Alcohols
Primary alcohols can be oxidised into
aldehydes or carboxylic acids this all
depends on their reaction condition, the
alcohol is first oxidised into aldehydes which
then oxidised into acid. Once the first stage
is complete,
there isn't
enough oxidising
agent to carry
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