Very detailed revision notes for Diverse places topic in A Level Edexcel Geography. Case studies may differ in my notes than to the ones studied in class but the rest of the information remains the same as I have included absolutely everything from the specification, therefore only need to switch t...
Diverse Places
Enquiry question 1
> How do population structures vary?
Key idea
4B.1 population structure varies from place to place & overtime
4B.2 population characteristics vary from place to place over time
4B.3 how past & present connections have shaped the demographic & cultural
characteristics of your chosen places
Detailed content
a. The population of the UK has grown unevenly in the last 50 years, with some regions
growing rapidly (üLondon & the south-east) whilst others have grown more slowly (üthe
north-east of England)
b. Population structure & density varies according to placement in the rural-urban
continuum &, therefore accessibility, physical factors, historical development & the role
of planning
c. Population structure & dynamics are a result of differences in fertility & mortality rates as
well as international & internal migration
a. There can be considerable variation in population characteristics (gender & ethnicity),
both in & between settlements
b. Different levels of cultural diversity in places can be explained by social clustering,
accessibility to key cities, physical factors & government planning policy (A: actions by
governments may foster or supress diversity)
c. Fertility & mortality rates, as well as international & internal migration, are changing the
cultural characteristics of places
a. Regional & national influences that have shaped the characteristics of your chosen
places. These places can be represented in a variety of different forms, giving
contrasting images to that presented more formally & statistically. How lives of students
& those of others are affected by this continuity & change, both real & imagined
b. International & global influences that have shaped your chosen places. These places
can be represented in a variety of different forms, giving contrasting images to that
presented more formally & statistically. How the lives of students & those of others are
affected by this continuity & change, both real & imagined (P: increasing roles of
especially TNCs & IGOs)
c. Consideration of the way in which the demographic & cultural changes in your chosen
local place have impacted on people’s identity
Places
= parts of a geographical space but don’t always have definite boundaries. They’re
shaped by internal connections (e.g., people/employment/housing) & external
connections (e.g. government policies & globalisation.
, à places can be meaningful to individuals for many different reasons. Places are
dynamic & are ever changing/always transforming
Birth rate = no. of Mortality rate = General fertility rate Total fertility rate =
live births per no. of deaths per = no. of live births average no. of
1000 people per 1000 people per per 1000 between children born to a
year year age of 15 & 44 woman in her lifetime
Immigration = Net migration =
Emigration = Natural change =
people going in difference between
people going out difference between
to a country to immigration &
of the country births & deaths
stay emigration
UK population –
Its grown unevenly in last 50 years, with some regions growing rapidly
(London/Southeast) whilst others more slowly (North East England)
* It’s grown every year since 1983 from approx. 54 million to 65 (pop growth
rate is 0.8%)– it grows more due to net migration than natural increase
* Current UK pop is over 65 million – the annual pop change fluctuates
(sometimes it increases & some it decreases)
* Less than 3% of UK’s pop live in N. Ireland
* The UK’s average pop density is 250 inhabitants per km2 & in London its 1510
inhabitants per km2
Birth rate = 11.9/1000 Death rate = 9.3/1000 Fertility rate = 1.82 LE = 81.2 years
Main driver of pop change in UK since 1992 is international
migration – the peak of inward migration couldn’t be
controlled because most immigrants came from EU
(people could move freely between countries in EU & so
into the UK very easily).
à London & Southeast have greatest pop but
most growth is in London/East of England & East
Midlands. Northeast has very low pop & low %
increase in comparison.
, Reasons for differences in UK regional pop growth
* Large peak aged 65-70 due to post World War 2 baby boom
* Large peak aged 50 due to the ‘swinging 60s’
* There’s a decline of people aged 40 due to less people being
born in 70/80s due to the strikes & recession
* Large bulge of people aged 20-35 as its most common age
group to migration (increase is due to migration, not natural
increase
Why has London grown more rapidly than North England?
à London’s overall pop is predicted to grow by 13% by 2022, East of England by 9%
& SE by 8% when the average pop growth in England is 7%. 8/10 fastest growing
areas in England are London boroughs
à NE is predicted to grow by 3% by 2022. The 10 English areas with slowest growth
rates are all in the NE/NW regions. Some are expected to decline (E.g., Barrow-in-
Furness expected to fall by 2% due to its naval shipyards no longer providing as
much construction work as they did
1. Migration 2. Economic reasons
In 2004 – government signed agreement London’s high pop growth rate has
with other EU members to open its borders resulted from its expanding knowledge
& allow free flow of people between economy which has led to influx of highly
countries (key driver for pop change from qualified workers & their families
1990s onwards has been net international
migration) à NE’s slower pop growth has result from
the continued collapse of its industries
Migrants are attracted most to London (Coal mining, steel manufacture, ship
due to opportunities there building) which has led to unemployment
(jobs/accessibility) = migration to SE & London
3. Social reasons
Longer life expectancy caused by
falling mortality rates amongst over 65s, 4. Demographic
means UK pop is now living longer London’s booming economy has led
to rapid internal migration within UK –
à falling morality rates due to increased particularly of young graduates &
cancer survival & improved care of international migration from overseas
elderly (most likely childbearing age –
à especially in London, the NE, NW & increasing pop)
the midlands
à In London, male LE rose from 73 in
1993 to 80 in 2013
, Rapid pop growth in SE Slow pop growth in NE & Wales
o More job opportunities (more o Lower incomes/salaries –
businesses located there & people are moving to SE for
they’re likely to be highly skilled jobs
jobs o More unemployment – loss of
o Jobs with higher salaries industry (coal mines closed &
o More education steel manufacturing, less ship
o More connected (transport) building)
o High immigration due to it o Less connected/accessible
being located close to Europe o Less desirable place to live
(accessible) & people may o Spiral of decline due to loss of
want to be closer to family services & investment
o Increased trade between SE &
EU
o Bigger pop in SE = multiplier
effect – increased investment
& more services = more
attractive
Rural-urban continuum
= the unbroken transition from sparsely populated or unpopulated remote rural
places to densely populated, intensively used urban places (towns & city centres)
Population density ranges between high density in inner urban areas to low density
in remote rural areas.
Remote rural/tourism & second home
Rural villages/farming dominant
areas/National parks/some declining
(away from main roads)
villages/retirement settlements
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