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OCR A Level PE revision notes - Contemporary Issues in Sport £4.49   Add to cart

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OCR A Level PE revision notes - Contemporary Issues in Sport

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This document gives thorough written-up notes on the module Contemporary Issues. This is a massive module so I have summarised content as much as possible, I hope you find this useful :)

Last document update: 1 year ago

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  • March 20, 2023
  • May 31, 2023
  • 13
  • 2022/2023
  • Lecture notes
  • Nathan bates
  • All classes
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Available practice questions

Flashcards 27 Flashcards
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Some examples from this set of practice questions

1.

Ethics

Answer: rules that dictate an individual’s conducts.

2.

Deviance

Answer: unacceptable behaviour within a culture which differs from perceived social or legal norms. For example, violence and gambling.

3.

Types of Performance Enhancing Drugs (PEDs)

Answer: • Anabolic steroids – resembles natural testosterone hormone. • Beta blockers – slowed heart rate • Stimulants – increased awareness. • Diuretics – urination of illegal substances out of body • Masking agents – to disguise illegal substances in body. • Peptide hormones – stimulate muscular growth and repair.

4.

Types of Performance Enhancing Methods

Answer: • Blood doping • Gene doping • Oxygen transport enhancement

5.

Legal substances for enhancing performance

Answer: • Bicarbonate • Creatine • Nitrate • Caffeine

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Some examples from this set of practice questions

1.

Commercialisation

Answer: process of managing or running something for financial gain e.g. USA for LA 1984 Olympics

2.

Factors of commercialisation

Answer: 1. Increased media presence – more media = more exposure of brand as well as sport. 2. Freedom of movement – players and spectators can travel abroad. 3. Increased sponsorships of professional teams/athletes. 4. Growth in media types = more exposure of sponsors on different platforms. 5. Increased commercial opportunities = more advertising to use to sell companies and brands.

3.

Case study of commercialisation – Sport England 2015

Answer: • More people play sport once a week. • March 2005/6 – 14.1 million 16+ year olds played sport once a week. • March 2015 – 15.5 million 16+ year olds played sport once a week. • Men = 40.6%, Women = 30.7% played sport once a week. • 16-25 year olds = 54.8%, 26+ years old = 31.9% • Disabled participation in sport increased from 15.1% (2005/6) to 17.2% (2015). • More managerial workers take part than manual workers. • High increase in participation due to commercialisation.

4.

Positive social effects of commercialisation

Answer: 1. Increased entertainment therefore happy society, more sponsored playback screens = more excitement for an audience. 2. Increased access to sport = society can share pride.

5.

Negative social effects of commercialisation

Answer: 1. Armchair spectating encouraged. 2. loss of sporting tradition 3. cost to watch sports on TV is expensive 4. Economic benefits only felt by larger sporting companies.

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Some examples from this set of practice questions

1.

Participation pyramid

Answer: 1. School competition 2. Local competition 3. Regional competition 4. National competition 5. Elite competition

2.

Roles of UK Sport

Answer: 1. Manage funding from national lottery. 2. Runs the World Class Programme. 3. Development of the English Institute of Sport. 4. Co-ordinates programmes to attract major sporting events. 5. Runs a world class coaching strategy.

3.

Aims of UK Sport

Answer: 1. Identify potential talents. 2. Support athlete lifestyle. 3. Support coaching. 4. Support through research, medicine by EIS. 5. Provide World Class Programme.

4.

How does UK Sport use its income?

Answer: 1. UK Sport provides funding for sporting NGBs e.g. LTA enabling the World Class Programme to go ahead and ensuring athletes have the correct support. 2. Athletic Performance Awards are also provided through the national lottery via UK Sport, this funds the athlete lifestyle. 3. UK Sport has an annual investment of £100 million, 1300 of the UK’s leading athletes benefit from this investment. 4. This investment guarantees: a) coaching, training and competition support, b) technology and scientific service, c) access to top facilities and d) acclimatisation training. 5. Podium level - £30000-60000 per athlete support, podium potential - £23000-40000 per athlete support.

5.

UK Sport case study – British Skeleton athletes

Answer: 1. Skeleton went from unknown sport to a higher quality sport; 2. it received £2.1 million core lottery funding from UK Sport between 2006 and 2010. 3. Funding was also provided for talent ID and high quality sport and medical sciences, 4. 13 different athletes on the World Class Programme won 76 different medals between 2006 and 2010.

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Some examples from this set of practice questions

1.

Modern technology has many effects on...

Answer: 1. General participation in sport 2. Fair play in sport 3. Elite performance 4. Entertainment in sport

2.

Positive effects of modern technology on general participation

Answer: 1. More access to new sports such as Padel Tennis. 2. Development of Prosthetics – allows more disability participation. 3. Fun – Sports are easier to learn therefore more enjoyable. 4. Safer – stair lifts, ramps in swimming pools for people with less mobility. 5. Better facilities – attracts more members therefore more participation.

3.

Negative effects of modern technology on general participation

Answer: 1. Facilities are expensive. 2. Not all sports are so disability friendly. 3. Not all places have the best facilities. 4. Sports gaming has decreased real life sport participation. 5. Only Sponsors have access to high quality technology.

4.

Positive effects of modern technology on entertainment

Answer: 1. Standard of play is better therefore more viewers. 2. Sport is accessible 24/7 via different media platforms. 3. Technology can educate others about sport playing sports more intriguing. 4. Fair play systems e.g. VAR and Hawkeye

5.

Negative effects of modern technology on entertainment

Answer: 1. Play is hardly constant – interruptions from ads and instant replays disrupt the game time. 2. Viewers don’t always agree with pundits, can decrease interest if they don’t like the pundits. 3. Technology can sometimes be faulty therefore game delay or disruption occurs. 4. Armchair spectating increases therefore less people are actively going to matches.

CONTEMPORARY ISSUES IN SPORT

Contents

Ethics and deviance – PEDs – 1-2
Ethics and deviance – violence – 3-4
Ethics and deviance – gambling - 5
Commercialisation in sport – 6-7
Routes to sporting excellence in the UK – 8-11
Modern technology in sport – general participation - 12
Modern technology in sport – elite performance - 12
Modern technology in sport – entertainment - 12
Modern technology in sport – fair play – 12-13

ETHICS AND DEVIANCE – Performance Enhancing Drugs (PEDs)

Ethics – rules that dictate an individual’s conducts.
Deviance – unacceptable behaviour within a culture which differs from perceived social or legal
norms. For example, violence and gambling.

Types of PEDs

 Anabolic steroids – resembles natural testosterone hormone.
 Beta blockers – slowed heart rate
 Stimulants – increased awareness.
 Diuretics – urination of illegal substances out of body
 Masking agents – to disguise illegal substances in body.
 Peptide hormones – stimulate muscular growth and repair.

Types of Performance Enhancing Methods

 Blood doping
 Gene doping
 Oxygen transport enhancement

Legal substances for enhancing performance

 Bicarbonate
 Creatine
 Nitrate
 Caffeine

Legal methods for enhancing performance

 Glycogen loading
 Gels
 Cooling aids
 Heat therapy
 Barometric pressure chamber




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, Physiological side effects of PEDs

Positives Negatives
Increased strength Damaged kidneys
Increased awareness/nervous stimulation Increased blood viscosity
Increased muscle mass Increased risk of infection e.g. HIV from
needles
Increased rate of recovery Increased risk of cancer and disease
Increased endurance Enlarged organs
Increased pain threshold Abnormal bone development

Psychological side effects of PEDs

Positives Negatives
Increased confidence Aggression
Increased cognitive function Mood swings
Decreased cognitive and somatic anxiety Insomnia

Reasons for using PEDs

Pressure to win – players and coaches want the players to win for financial or personal gain.
Money – players get lost in the idea in winning money and want to win at any cost.
Systematic doping – for example Russia were banned for making their whole Olympic team take
PEDs.
Feeling that others are doping may encourage a performer to take PEDs to match others.

Consequences for using PEDs

Bans and fines – Lance Armstrong, a famous cyclist was found to have doped therefore was
stripped of all Tour De France titles.
It challenges the concept of fair play.
Non-cheaters are accused because of dopers.
Corruption is spread through sport even if they had a clean reputation.

Strategies to reduce use of PEDs

WADA – formed by IOC in 1999, with the aim of regulating drug use in sport.
Random testing - to catch dopers when they least expect it.
Research – testing new detection methods and new types of PEDs.

Limitations of trying to prevent use of PEDs

Illegal PED producers are always one step ahead; therefore it is harder to tell which new PEDs will
be created.
Technology can play a part in finding detection methods. However, it does aid in the production of
new PEDs.

Examples of doping in sport

Lance Armstrong – former cyclist who took PEDs to enhance performance and was stripped of all
Tour De France medals.
Maria Sharapova – a professional tennis player who in 2016 was banned for 2 years for taking
Meldonium, a drug usually used for heart conditions.




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