Pennsylvania State University: Biology 110 study Guide 2 Latest,100% CORRECT
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Module
Biology 110
Institution
Biology 110
Pennsylvania State University: Biology 110 study Guide 2 Latest
• Cells
o Make up all living things
o Smallest unit of life
o At least one cell to be a living organism
• Prokaryote cell
o Small, has no nucleus, has no organelles
• Eukaryote cell
o Has a nucleus, larger, contains o...
pennsylvania state university biology 110 study guide 2 latest
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Pennsylvania State University: Biology 110 study Guide 2 Latest
• Cells
o Make up all living things
o Smallest unit of life
o At least one cell to be a living organism
• Prokaryote cell
o Small, has no nucleus, has no organelles
• Eukaryote cell
o Has a nucleus, larger, contains organelles
o Many shapes and sizes
• All cells have plasma membrane that surround the cells
• Chromosomes, that are structures that have DNA
• Cytosol, that is a jelly-like substance within a cell
• Eukaryotic cell
o Plasma Membrane (PM)
▪ Surrounds and encloses the cell
▪ Two layers of phospholipids, which is called the
phospholipid bilayer
▪ It is a selective bilayer between the inside and outside of a
cell
▪ There are specialized structures on the plasma membrane
• Cilia move substances through hollow organs
o Found in respiratory tract and in uterine tubes
o Made of microtubules (hollow rods)
▪ Are of globular proteins called tubulins,
which form into dimers
o flagellum
▪ A single tail-like structure that propels a
cell forward
• It has the same pattern as cilia
• It provides motility
• The only human cells with
flagellum are sperm
• Microvilli
o Folds in the PM to increase its surface area
o This allows for rapid diffusions
▪ Large amounts of substance can be
moved across them
o Cytoplasm
▪ Material within cell
• Cytosol: jelly-like fluid
,• Cytoskeleton: protein fiber
• Organelles: structures with specific functions
, o Organelles
▪ Nucleus
• Contains DNA in chromosomes
o Human DNA in 46 chromosomes
▪ Discrete structures contain DNA
▪ 23 from the father, 23 from the mother
▪ DNA is wrapped around proteins called
histones to form long stands of
chromatin
• Chromatin condenses, and
becomes tightly packed to form
chromosomes
• Most cells have only one nucleus
• Enclosed in a nuclear envelope
o Two membranes that enclose and surround it
▪ Nuclear pore complexes for small
molecules moving in or out of the
nucleus
▪ Nucleolus
• Mass of densely packed fibers: RNA and rRNA are
made here, and ribosomes are produced here
▪ Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
• Usually found near nucleus
• Network of membranes form a channel
o Molecules move through the channel
▪ Rough ER
• Ribosomes on its surface
o Made of proteins and rRNA
o Large unit and small unit joined together
o Make secretory proteins
▪ Exit the cell
▪ They enter the rough ER through
holes in the membranes
▪ Inside, they become tertiary and add
molecules
▪ Smooth ER
• No ribosomes
• Lipid and steroid synthesis
• Stores calcium in muscle cells
• Helps detoxify drug and poisons
o Makes them more water soluble and easier
to flush out of the body
▪ Golgi apparatus
• Stacks of flattened membrane, which forms sacs
called cisternae
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