UNIT 8A MUSCOSKELETAL
SYSTEM
EMMANUEL AIRE BENANT
PHYSOLOGY OF HUMAN BODY
SYSTEMS
, 26/01/23
UNIT 8A: THE MUSCOLOSKELETAL SYSTEM
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P.1-ROLE OF THE MUSCOLOSKELETAL SYSTEM IN THE HUMAN BODY
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,The musculoskeletal system is a complex network of bones, joints, muscles, tendons, ligaments, and
other supportive tissues that provide structural support, movement, and protection to the body. The
bones and associated tissues form the structural framework, which allows us to move, support our
body weight, and interact with the environment. Muscles are responsible for moving the bones and
other tissues, while tendons and ligaments attach muscles to bones, and provide stability and
strength.
The bones make up the skeletal system, which provides the body with structure and support. The
bones are connected to the muscles by tendons and ligaments, allowing for movement and stability.
The bones provide protection to the body's organs and tissues, as well as a platform for muscle
attachment. The muscles generate the force needed to move the bones and other tissues.
JOINTS
A joint is a point in the body where two or more bones meet. Joints allow for movement in the body
and are classified according to the type of movement they allow.
Synovial joints are the most common type of joint, and they allow for the most mobility. Synovial
joints are surrounded by a capsule filled sutures of the skull, and the gomphoses, which are joints
between the teeth and jawbone.
with synovial fluid. Examples of synovial joints include the elbow, hip, and knee.
Fibrous joints are held together by tough, fibrous tissue and do not allow for movement. Examples of
fibrous joints include the
Cartilaginous joints are held together by cartilage, a tough but flexible connective tissue. Cartilaginous
joints allow for some movement, but less than synovial joints. Examples of cartilaginous joints
include the pubic symphysis, which connects the two pubic bones at the front of the pelvis, and the
intervertebral discs between the vertebrae.
Joints are important for providing stability and mobility to the body. Without them, we would not be
able to move our bodies in the ways we do. It is important to keep our joints healthy and strong by
exercising regularly, eating a balanced diet, and avoiding activities that may cause injury.
The joints are the connection points between bones and allow for movement. The joints are made up
of a combination of bones, cartilage, ligaments, and tendons. The muscles surrounding the joint
provide stability and help generate movement.
Joints are important for providing stability and movement to the body. They are the connection
between bones, allowing the body to move in a wide range of directions and to bear weight. Joints
also provide stability for the body and help to support body weight. Without joints, the body would be
unable to move and be unable to hold itself up.
Joints are important for allowing the body to move in a natural and efficient way. By providing
stability and allowing for movement, joints help the body to function properly. They also provide
support for the body and help to maintain balance. Without joints, the body would be unable to move
in the same way and would be unable to perform everyday activities.
In addition to providing stability and movement, joints also help to absorb shock and protect the body
from injury. When the body moves, the joints help to absorb the energy and prevent it from being
transferred to other parts of the body, helping to protect the body from injury.
Overall, joints are important for providing stability, movement, and protection to the body. Without
joints, the body would be unable to move in the same way and would be unable to perform everyday
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,activities. Joints provide support for the body and help to maintain balance, while also helping to
absorb shock and protect the body from injury.
The musculoskeletal system is essential for our everyday life. It provides us with the ability to move,
support our body weight, and interact with the environment.
There are three main types of joints: synovial, fibrous, and cartilaginous.
Fibrous: Fibrous joints are joints in the body that are held together by strong fibrous connective
tissue. These joints do not have a joint cavity or allow for any movement between the bones.
Examples of fibrous joints include sutures in the skull, the gomphoses joint between teeth and their
sockets, and the syndesmoses joint between the tibia and fibula. Fibrous joints are also known as
synarthroses. Fibrous joints are the strongest type of joint, having no joint space and no movement
between the bones. They provide stability and strength to the body, allowing for the transmission of
forces through the joint without any risk of separation. The fibrous connective tissue that holds the
bones together is comprised of collagen fibres that form a strong network around the joint.
Fibrous joints are found in areas of the body that require strong, immovable joint connections, such
as the skull. The sutures between the skull bones are fibrous joints that do not allow for any
movement between the bones, providing stability and strength to the skull. The gomphoses joint
between teeth and their sockets is also an example of a fibrous joint, as it provides a strong,
immovable connection between the two structures. Finally, the syndesmoses joint between the tibia
and fibula is a fibrous joint that allows for only a limited amount of movement between the two
bones. Fibrous joints are essential for the stability and strength of the body, providing immovable
connections between bones.
Cartilaginous: Cartilaginous joints, also known as synchondroses, are a type of joint that consists of
hyaline cartilage and fibrous connective tissue. They are found in the vertebral column, the rib cage,
and the sternum. Cartilaginous joints allow for limited movement of the bones they connect, and they
can be used to absorb shock and reduce friction. They are characterized by the presence of a
fibrocartilaginous disc or "growth plate" between the bones, which allows them to grow and develop.
Cartilaginous joints are often found in infants and children, as their bodies are still growing and
developing. They are also often found in the joints of older adults. Examples of cartilaginous joints
include the symphysis pubis, the costal cartilages, and the intervertebral discs. These joints are
strong, but they do not allow for the same range of movement as other types of joints, such as synovial
joints. Cartilaginous joints can also be weakened due to injury or arthritis.
Synovial: A synovial joint is the most common type of joint in the human body. It is a type of movable
joint that typically contains a joint capsule filled with synovial fluid. Synovial joints are found in the
major joints of the body, including the knees, elbows, hips, and shoulders. Articulating surfaces
covered by cartilage and separated by fluid filled cavity. They are reinforced by ligaments
Synovial joints allow for the movement and flexibility of the body by providing a joint space between
two or more bones. The joint capsule is filled with synovial fluid, which helps to lubricate the joint
and reduce friction between the bones. This lubrication allows for smooth, unrestricted movement.
The joint capsule is also made up of ligaments and tendons, which are responsible for providing
strength and stability to the joint. The ligaments and tendons are connected to the bones and help to
keep the bones in place. The synovial fluid also helps to protect the bones from grinding against each
other, which can cause pain and injury.
Synovial joints are important for the overall function and flexibility of the body. Without them,
movement would be limited and painful. Keeping the joints healthy and strong is important for
maintaining a healthy and active lifestyle.
There are six types of synovial joints:
The six types of synovial joints are Ball and Socket, Hinge, Pivot, Saddle, Gliding and Condyloid
joints.
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, Ball and Socket joints are the most mobile type of synovial joint, allowing for movement in all
directions. Examples of this type of joint are the shoulder and hip joints.
There are six types of ball and socket joints.
1. Hip Joint: The hip joint is the most famous of the ball and socket joints. It is found in the pelvis and
allows for movement in all directions.
2. Shoulder Joint: The shoulder joint is another important ball and socket joint. It is the joint between
the humerus and the glenoid cavity of the scapula.
3. Knee Joint: The knee joint is a modified ball and socket joint that allows for movement in two
planes. It is formed by the lower end of the femur fitting into the upper end of the tibia.
4. Elbow Joint: The elbow joint is another modified ball and socket joint. It is formed by the lower
end of the humerus fitting into the upper end of the ulna.
5. Ankle Joint: The ankle joint is a modified ball and socket joint that allows for movement in two
planes. It is formed by the lower end of the tibia fitting into the upper end of the talus.
6. Wrist Joint: The wrist joint is a modified ball and socket joint that allows for movement in two
planes. It is formed by the lower end of the radius fitting into the upper end of the ulna.
These six types of ball and socket joints are essential for the movement and flexibility of the human
body. Without them, we would not be able to move as freely as we do.
Hinge joints allow for movement in two directions, such as in the elbow joint.
There are six types of hinge joints.
1. Elbow Joint: The elbow joint is a hinge joint that allows the forearm and upper arm to move in a
single plane, allowing for flexion and extension of the elbow.
2. Knee Joint: The knee joint is a hinge joint that allows for flexion and extension of the leg. It is the
largest joint in the body and is held together by ligaments, tendons, and muscles.
3. Ankle Joint: The ankle joint is a hinge joint that allows for flexion and extension of the foot. It is
held together by ligaments, tendons, and muscles.
4. Interphalangeal Joints: The interphalangeal joints are hinge joints located in the fingers and toes
that allow for flexion and extension of the digits.
5. Temporomandibular Joint: The temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is a hinge joint located in the jaw
that allows for movement of the lower jaw. It is held together by ligaments, tendons, and muscles.
6. Radioulnar Joint: The radioulnar joint is a hinge joint located in the forearm that allows for
rotation of the radius and ulna bones. It is held together by ligaments, tendons, and muscles.
Pivot joints are type of synovial joint in which two bones rotate or pivot in a single plane. These joints
allow for rotation in one plane, but no other movement. Common examples of pivot joints are the
atlantoaxial joint in the neck which connects the atlas and the axis and the radioulnar joints which
connect the radius and the ulna.
Pivot joints are formed by two bones that are connected by a ligament, allowing for rotational
movement. The joint between the first and second vertebrae is an example of a pivot joint.
Pivot joints are formed when one bone has a convex surface that fits into a concave surface on the
other bone. These surfaces are known as the pivot and the socket, respectively. The pivot is held in
place with a ligament known as a rotator cuff. This ligament keeps the bones together and prevents
them from separating.
Pivot joints facilitate a variety of movements. For example, the atlantoaxial joint allows for flexion
and extension of the neck. The radioulnar joints also allow for pronation and supination of the
forearm.
Overall, pivot joints are essential for many of our daily activities. They provide stability and support
while allowing for a variety of movements.
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