This summary goes into great detail on the AQA A level chemistry topic, introduction into organic chemistry. Topics summarised:
- organic compounds and ways of representing them
- nomenclature
- isomerism
- E/Z isomers
intro into organics
Ways of representing Organic Compounds
Type
of What it shows you Formula (for butan-1-ol)
formula
General The ratio of carbon to hydrogen atoms and also any
C(n)H(2n+1) OH
formula functional groups.
Empirical The simplest ratio of atoms of each element in a
C(4)H(10)O
formula compound (cancel the numbers down if possible)
Molecular The actual number of atoms of each element in a
C(4)H(9)OH
formula molecule, with any functional groups indicated.
Structural Shows the atom carbon by carbon, with the hydrogens
CH(3)CH(2)CH(2)CH(2)OH
formula and functional groups attached.
H-C-C-C-C-OH Each of the
Displayed Shows how all the atoms are arranged, and all the
Cs have two Hs attached
formula bonds between them.
to it at the bottom and top.
Shows the bonds of the carbon skeleton only, with any
Each point shows one
Skeletal functional groups. The hydrogen and carbon atoms
carbon. Double bond you
formula aren't shown. This is handy for drawing large
draw double lines.
complicated structures, like cyclic hydrocarbons.
Untitled
Nomenclature: (naming organic compounds)
Count the carbon atoms in the longest continuous chain — this gives you the
stem:
intro into organics 1
, The main functional group of the molecule usually gives you the end of the name
(the suffix).
Number the longest carbon chain so that the main functional group has the lowest
possible number. If there's more than one longest chain, pick the one with the most
side-chains.
Any side-chains or less important functional groups are added as prefixes at the
start of the name. Put them in alphabetical order, with the number of the carbon
atom each is attached to.
If there's more than one identical side-chain or functional group, use di- (2), tri- (3)
or tetra (4) before that part of the name- but ignore this when working out the
alphabetical order.
intro into organics 2
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