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Summary notes of all lectures in anatomy and physology module
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This is a collection of lecture summaries in the whole of the human anatomy and physiology module, attended between academic year. Summaries contain topics such as homeostasis, cardiac cycle, hepatic, endocrine, respiratory and more

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  • March 27, 2023
  • 22
  • 2018/2019
  • Summary

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Homeostasis

● Homeostasis is the balance of the body’s internal environment

● Chemical level → Cellular level → .Tissue level → Organ level → System level
→ Organism

● Plasma membrane has selective permeability which means that is is permeable
to gases but impermeable to glucose.

● Feedback cycles are where a stimulus creates a response and a return to
original conditions.

● Positive feedback cycles are where the return condition increases the stimulus.
For example, account balance growns and, interest increases.

● Negative feedback cycles are the most common. For example, body temperature
rises, body sweats, body temperature drops.

,Connective Tissue

● 4 types of connective tissue. Connective tissue proper, Cartilage, Bone, Liquid
● 6 subdivisions

- Loose Connective Tissue located in outer blood vessels which bind organs
together and are made up of loose random fibres.

- Fibrous Tissue is located in ligaments and tendons which bind bones
together. They are densely spaced and contain parallel collagen fibres.

- Adipose is located around eyes and heart which store energy. They are
made up of fat filled adipocytes.

- Cartilage tissue is located in external ear and larynx. Eases joint
movements and made up of spaced out cells in cavities.

- Bone tissue is located in skeleton which supports body and organs and is
made up of widely spaced cells in a cavity.

- Blood is located throughout the cardiovascular system which transports
nutrients and is made up of white blood cells, red blood cells and platelets.



● Main components in connective tissue are
1) Ground substance
2) Cells
3) Fibres

● Collagen fibre is most common in animals, is strong and forms tendons.

● Elastic fibre which are long and thin which stretch like rubber bands. Located in
lungs and skin where elasticity are needed.

● Reticular fibre which is short and fine and are located in capillaries which provide
support and bring oxygen to tissues.

, Epithelial Tissue

● Functions include:
protection, absorption, secretion, excretion, filtration, sensory
● Cells are closely packed and hexagonal shaped

● Cell junctions that connect epithelial cells:
They are tight, impermeable and leak-proof

- Desmosome, button like anchors between adjacent membranes which prevent
cells from being pulled apart

- Gap junctions, connected by small cylinder type structures called connexions
which allow communication

● Simple - One layer, where thin surface is needed
● Stratified - Two or more layers, where abrasion is likely

● Squamous - Flattened disc shaped
● Cuboidal - Box like
● Columnar - Tall / Column shaped

● Simple Squamous
Thin and permeable
For lining and covering and a boundary for transport
Located in the alveoli of lungs

● Stratified Squamous
The surface cells are squamous
Keritised - full of keratin and are dead
Non-keratinised - lines the mouth and esophagus

● Simple cuboidal - secretion
● Simple columnar - absorption

● Stratified cuboidal / columnar
Ducts of larger glands such as mammary glands
Pharynx and urethra

● Epidermis of skin is made up of epithelial cells
● Dermis is made up of mainly connective tissue
● Nutrients in skin diffuse from the dermis to epidermis

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