I achieved a high A* Grade in my final A-Level exams using these notes!!!
I believe you can achieve an A* if you can memorise these notes! Simply use blurting, a method of active recall, to write everything you remember from the notes, then identify the parts you couldn’t remember, then repeat ...
Crude oil / petroleum: mixture of mostly alkane hydrocarbons
separated into fractions: similar chain length (VDW strength) & boiling point
vaporise crude oil – 350˚C
pass into fractioning column: cooler going up – vapour cools while rising
fractions condense at boiling point: drawn off at different levels = separated
o lowest bp = shorter chain: don’t condense – drawn off as gases at top
o highest bp = longest chain: don’t vaporise – run to bottom forming residue
2. Cracking: breaking C–C bonds in alkanes = smaller hydrocarbons
converts low demand/value long chain fractions into high demand/value short chain fractions
C-C weaker than C-H bonds (break more easily when heated)
Thermal cracking = mostly small alkenes – used to make plastics: poly(ethene)
o high pressure: 70atm
o high temperature: up to 1000˚C
Catalytic cracking = branched/cycloalkanes (motor fuels) & aromatic hydrocarbons
o slight pressure: >1atm
o high (but lower) temperature: 450˚C
o zeolite catalyst
o Cheaper: can use lower temperature/pressure
o Saves time – increases rate of reaction
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