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Introduction
This assignment gives a clear understanding of the different part of the human body
structures and the functions and it also outlines the important of the different parts of the
human body and why they are essential for all humans. It also gives an understanding of
how to maintain the different body organs or body system it also outlines how the body
systems maintain homeostasis and why homeostasis is important in the body. (Anatomy &
Physiology for therapists and health care professionals, Ruth Hull)
Task 1
1.1 Outlines the structure of the body systems and related major organs.
Glands, Bladder, Pancreas, Muscles, Brain, Bones, Nerves, Lymph nodes, Stomach,
Skins, Blood vessels, Ovaries, Lungs, Testes and Kidneys.
1.2 Glands: Direct stimulation from the nervous system, chemical blood receptors, and
hormones produced by other glands all work together to regulate the glands. These glands
aid in preserving the body's homeostasis by regulating the actions of the systems they are
sac-like tissue formations in the body that are crucial to homeostasis and physiology. They
are anatomically composed of secretion cells and are positioned in a discreet but noticeable
area of the body. There are a lot of glands, and they control various bodily processes and
behaviours.
Pancreas: In the abdomen, behind the stomach, the pancreas, which is about the size of a
palm, is situated. Other organs such as the liver, spleen, and small intestine encircle it. An
important part of turning food into energy is played by the pancreatic. it also an abdomen-
based glandular structure. It creates several hormones, including insulin, and pancreatic
secretions, which contain enzymes that help with digestion. The stomach, intestines, and
other tissues encircle the pancreas.
Brain: The brain communication with the rest of the body via electrical and chemical
impulses. Various processes and the brain decode each signal. For example, some make
you feel worn out while others make you feel agony. It regulates vital bodily functions
necessary for survival, like breathing and temperature management.
Nerves: The brain sends electrical impulses to the rest of your body through the nerves,
which act as cables. These impulses supp
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ort muscle movement and feeling. Moreover, they continue to carry out some autonomic
processes like breathing, sweating and food digestion, they also are called neurons.
The stomach: The J-shaped organ that digests food is the stomach. It generates acids and
enzymes, which are molecules that cause chemical reactions (digestive juices). Food is
broken down by this mixture of enzymes and digestive juices so that it may move to your
small intestine. The (GI) tract includes the stomach. Your mouth is the beginning of the GI
tract, which is a long tube. Your anus is the location where stool (poop) exits the body.
The skin: The largest organ of the body, the skin guards against pathogens, controls body
temperature, and provides tactile (touch) sensations. The epidermis, dermis, and
hypodermis are the three main layers of the skin. Skin cancer, acne, wrinkles, and rashes
are just a few of the issues that can affect the skin.
The blood vessels: The blood vessels act as highways for the blood as it travels throughout
the body. They create a circuit-like closed loop that starts and finishes at your heart. The
circulatory system is made up of blood vessels and heart vessels. Blood makes up around
60,000 kilometres of the body.
The lungs: A live thing's lungs assist with breathing. While breathing, oxygen is drawn into
the lungs, where it is transported to the body's tissues by the blood. The body's waste
product, carbon dioxide, is transported to the lungs where it is exhaled.
The kidney: The kidneys assist in maintaining the body's chemical balance by eliminating
waste and surplus water from the circulation and excreting it as urine. Moreover, they
produce hormones that encourage bone marrow to produce red blood cells and aid in blood
pressure regulation. Likewise known as renal function.
The bladder: The triangle-shaped, hollow organ known as the bladder is found in the lower
abdomen. Ligaments that are connected to the pelvic bones and other organs hold it in
place. When storing urine, the bladder's walls relax and expand; when emptying urine
through the urethra, they contract and flatten.
The muscles: Humans use their muscles to produce motion and force, which help with the
circulation, regulating and maintaining body pressure, moving internal organs like food down
the digestive canal and aiding in locomotion. The muscle is made up of several tissues that
are bundled together and encased in epimysium, a tough connective tissue that resembles
cartilage. Fascicles are collections of nerve cell bundles that are surrounded by the
epimysium. These fascicles have their own protective coating covering them.
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The bones: This is a rigid body tissue made up of cells that are encased in a thick layer of
dense intercellular substance. Collagen and calcium phosphate, the two main components
of this substance, sets the bone apart from other hard tissues like chitin, enamel and shell.
The individual bones that make up the human skeletal system and the skeletons of other
vertebrates are composed of bone tissues.
The Lymph nodes: These are little filtration systems for dangerous compounds. They
contain immune cells that can fight illness by going for and wiping out pathogens
brought in by lymph fluid. They are a crucial component of the immune system and are
also known as lymph glands. The size of lymph nodes varies, ranging from a few
centimetres to 2 centimetres. Although they are hundreds all over the body, they are
mostly concentrated in specific areas.
The ovaries: The ovaries are the female primary reproductive organ. These glands have
three important functions: they secrete hormones, they defend the eggs a female is born
with, and they release eggs for feasible fertilisation.
Testes: The male reproductive system includes the testes, also known as testicles, which
are two egg-shaped sex organs. They produce the sperm cells and the sex hormone
testosterone, and they also produce the sperm cells.
The scrotum, a pouch of skin beneath the penis, is where the testes, also referred to as
"balls," are located. The testicles are kept cooler than body temperature by being outside the
abdomen, which ensures that the environment is ideal for the development of sperm cells.
(Anatomy & Physiology for therapists and health care professionals, Ruth Hull)
The structure of the body systems
Endocrine system
The endocrine system is a network of glands and organs throughout the body. It
resembles the nervous system in that it plays an important role in controlling and
regulating many bodily functions. However, while the nervous system uses nerve
impulses and neurotransmitters to communicate, the endocrine system uses
chemical messengers called hormones. Endocrine glands are usually highly
vascularized and contain a dense network of blood vessels. Cells within these
organs produce and contain hormones in intracellular granules or vesicles that fuse
with the plasma membrane in response to appropriate signals. This action releases
hormones into the extracellular space or into the bloodstream. The endocrine system
can be activated by many different inputs, enabling responses to many different
internal and external stimuli. Marina Basina, M.D. — By Jill Seladi-Schulman, Ph.D.
2022)
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