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Class notes Science
This document is my science notes from biology year 10 through to year 11- it helped me achieve a grade 7- equivalent to an A in biology and it is very much content heavy. It covers B.1-B.6.
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Cells - The basic unit of structure and function in all living things.Animal Cells - Have a cell membrane, not a cell wall.
Plant cells - Have chloroplasts and a cell wall.
Nucleus - Control centre of the cell.
Mitochondria - Releases energy and respiration occurs here.
Chloroplast - Light energy is absorbed here and made into food.
Ribosomes - Makes proteins.
Cell wall - Strong, supporting layer around the cell membrane in Plants.
Vacuole - Cell part that stores materials such as water, salts, proteins,
and carbohydrates.
cell membrane - Thin, flexible barrier around a cell; regulates what
enters and leaves the cell.
Cytoplasm - Where all the reactions take place.
Bacteria Cells - Prokaryotic cell.
Plasmids - small circular DNA molecules that are found in the bacterial
chromosome.
Red blood cells - Blood cells that carry oxygen from the lungs to the
body cells.
The light Microscope - An optical instrument with lenses that refract
visible light to magnify images of specimens.
total magnification - eye piece x objective lens
Magnification - The ratio of an object's image size to its real size.
Resolution - The quality of an image.
Electron Microscope - The highest magnification is 3,000,000.
No live specimens in it.
Magnification equation - Image size/actual size
DNA - A molecule containing the genetic information that makes up the
chromosomes. Codes for proteins.
Gene - A segment of DNA on a chromosome that codes for a specific
trait.
Allele - Different forms of the same gene.
Chromosome - a threadlike structure of acids and protein found in the
nucleus of most living cells, carrying genetic information.
Enzymes - Catalysts for chemical reactions in living things.
Enzymes and their purpose - They give the required energy needed for
reactions.
substrates and enzymes - The substrate has to fit perfectly in the
enzyme or the reaction will not take place.
Aerobic respiration - Respiration that requires oxygen.
aerobic respiration equation - glucose + oxygen -> carbon dioxide +
water
Nucleotide - A building block of DNA, consisting of a five-carbon sugar
bonded to a nitrogenous base and a phosphate group.
Anaerobic respiration - Respiration that does not require oxygen.
Lactic Acid - Product of fermentation in many types of cells, including
human muscle cells. POISONOUS.
, Fermentation - The chemical action of yeast on sugars; there is no
oxygen needed.
Photosynthesis - Conversion of light energy from the sun into chemical
energy.
Scaling UP - B2
Diffusion - Movement of particles from an area of higher concentration
to an area of lower concentration.
Cell membranes and Diffusion - Cell membranes allow diffusion as they
are thin.
Osmosis - Diffusion of water through a partially permeable membrane.
Active transport - In active transport, molecules are transported from a
low concentration to a high concentration.
The Nervous System - Made up of the spine, brain and neurons.
CNS - Central nervous system.
Sensory neurons - Sensory neurons carry electrical impulses from
receptor cells, such as the eye or nose.
Synapse - It is a gap were two neurons meet.
The reflex arc - A nerve impulse that follows a pathway.
The Endocrine system - Glands in the body that secrete hormones into
the blood.
The pituitary gland - It is found in the brain and secretes the most
important hormones; it always has a direct effect on the target organs.
The thyroid gland - It produces thyroxine which increases the
metabolism of the body cells.
Control of the pituitary gland - The pituitary gland controls secretion
from other glands; an example would be the thyroid gland.
Reproductive hormones - Oestrogen and testosterone.
Oestrogen - Produced by the ovaries and helps females reproduce.
Testosterone - The male reproductive hormone.
The menstrual cycle - The hormones involved or FSH, oestrogen and
progesterone.
FSH - follicle-stimulating hormone.
Progesterone - Maintains uterus lining.
IVF - Eggs are fertilised outside the body and it helps women become
pregnant.
Homeostasis - The regulation of the internal conditions in the body.
Controlling blood sugar - Pancreas produces enzymes to digest
carbohydrates and lipids and produces hormones that control blood
sugar.
Glucagon - It helps balance blood glucose alongside insulin.
Trophic levels - E.g.; grass->Rabbit->Fox
Decomposers - Microorganisms that breakdown smaller pieces of dead
material.
The carbon cycle - Animal to dead to fossil fuel to carbon dioxide in the
air to the food the animal eats.
Biodiversity - A range of wildlife and plants.
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