1. DNA replication is , which al- lows each of the two strands to serve as a for the new strands. b. semiconservative, template 2. Which of the follow- ing enzymes does NOT assist the DNA poly- merase on the lag- ging strand to overcome its two problems? (Re- call that the DNA poly- merase can...
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1. DNA replication is tations, including both insertions and
, which deletion. Which of the following repair
al- lows each of the pathways would
two strands to serve
as a
for the
new strands.
b. semiconservative,
template
2. Which of the follow-
ing enzymes does
NOT assist the DNA
poly- merase on the
lag-
ging strand to
overcome its two
problems? (Re- call that
the DNA poly- merase
can only make DNA in
the 5'->3' direc- tion,
and it must bind
a double-stranded nu-
cleotide polymer
before it can start
making its own DNA
polymer.)
c. Helicase
3. Several components of
cigarette smoke,
includ- ing
benzopyrene, in- sert
themselves (inter-
calate) into the DNA
and lead to sever-
al types of mutations
such as frameshift mu-
1/
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replication is and helix-distorting lesions, such as
semiconservative, thymine dimers.
meaning that each new
duplex has one original
(parent) strand and one
new strand. Because
the two parent strands
are separated during
replication and the base
pairing is predictable,
each parent strand can
serve as a template for
the new strand
synthesis.
Helicase unwinds the
double stranded DNA
to allow for replication,
but this is not a
problem for the DNA
polymerase.
Nucleotide excision
repair is used to repair
dele- tions, insertions,
2/
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be used to repair this
type of damage?
c. Nucleotide
Excision Repair
4. Maternal smoking dur- Frame shift mutations are a kind of
ing pregnancy is haz- mutations which result from addition of
ardous yet common deletion of a nu- cleotide base resulting in
in many places. Many an altered reading frame and ultimately a
studies have associ- different protein, than the one the gene
ated prenatal smoking originally encoded. Frameshift muta- tions
to unhealthy physical are genetic changes because they alter
and psychological out- the DNA sequence, whereas epigenetic
comes for the baby. Re- changes do not alter the DNA sequence.
searchers know that Epigenetic changes are modifications to
ma- ternal smoking genomic structure (not se- quence) that
affects are caused by the external envi- ronment.
These environmental factors affect the
are epigenetic in nature. overall chromatin structure to allow more or
less
Which of the mal dominant disease if their father is
following events can heterozy- gous for the allele and
be consid- ered
epigenetic in na-
ture?
a. Changes in
chromatin structure
5. Blood type is an exam-
ple of what type of
inher- itance?
a. Codominance
6. What is the expected
probability that a child
will have an autoso-
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"access" to the DNA by mother, and they have a 50% chance of
gene expression inheriting the D allele
machin- ery to turn the
genes "on" or "off". In
other words,
epigenetics can alter
gene expression
without changing the
underlying DNA
sequences. The
changes may or may
not be heritable,
depending on the
location and
circumstances.
The genes that
produce the A and B
antigen proteins can
both be expressed
independently, and a
heterozygote
(someone with both
genes) will be produce
both A and B proteins -
neither will dominate
the other. The is an
example of
codominance.
If D is the disease-
conferring dominant
allele and d is the
normal allele, the father
has the genotype Dd
and the mother's
genotype is dd. Each
child can only inherit a
d allele from their
4/
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