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LEARNING AIM A: UNDERSTAND THE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF NUCLEIC ACIDS IN ORDER TO DESCRIBE GENE EXPRESSION AND THE PROCESS OF PROTEIN SYNTHESIS. £18.49
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  3. PEARSON (PEARSON)
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  5. Applied Science 2016 NQF
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  7. Unit 11 - Genetics and Genetic Engineering

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LEARNING AIM A: UNDERSTAND THE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF NUCLEIC ACIDS IN ORDER TO DESCRIBE GENE EXPRESSION AND THE PROCESS OF PROTEIN SYNTHESIS.
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  • April 17, 2023
  • 9
  • 2021/2022
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HAJRAH ALI - 40157986

UNIT 11: GENETICS AND GENETIC ENGINEERING LEARNING AIM A:
UNDERSTAND THE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF NUCLEIC ACIDS IN ORDER TO DESCRIBE GENE EXPRESSION AND
THE PROCESS OF PROTEIN SYNTHESIS.

STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF NUCLEIC ACIDS.



UXBRIDGE COLLEGE

, HAJRAH ALI – 40157986

A mutation is the change in base sequence of DNA that can alter the structure of proteins and a disorder of the gene. It
can occur during DNA replication and can result in a different amino acid sequence which result in making abnormal
proteins. Mutations are caused by mutagenic agents, radiation (i.e., X-Rays, UV radiation) and chemical (i.e., chemicals
in cigarettes, and the hepatitis virus causing the immune system to produce). Mutation can cause cancer, and genetic
disorder (i.e., thalassemia, Huntington’s disease, and sickle cell).

M1 - DISCUSS THE FUNCTIONAL ROLE OF NUCLEIC ACIDS IN DNA IN THE STAGES OF PROTEIN SYNTHESIS.

THE BASIC OF THE GENETIC CODE
The genetic code is, universal, non - overlapping and degenerate.
 Universal = This means in all organisms, the same triplet codes for the same amino acids.
 Non-overlapping = Each base is part of one codon/triplet and each triplet codes for one amino acid. Each base is
only read once. No single base can take part in the formation of more than one codon.
 Degenerate = One amino acid can be coded by more than one codon. A change in the genetic code doesn’t
always have to change the result in the amino acid sequence.

TRIPLET CODE: A gene is made from a sequence off nucleotides bases, that code for specific sequences of amino acids,
to make a polypeptide. The base of the nucleotide has three bases that code for one amino acid, known as the triplet
code. They are known as codons.
CODON: A triple of bases is called a codon. Each codon codes for one amino acid and is a sequence of three.
ANTI-CODON: Is complementary to the codon and is a sequence of tRNA.

PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
Protein synthesis is the process by which cells make protein. Proteins can be found in the cell membrane and help
control the movement of substances in and out of the cell. The synthesis of protein occurs in two stages: transcription
and translation.
Why are proteins important?
 Acts as enzymes that can control the rate of chemical reactions such as respiration.
 Part of building blocks for skin, bone and muscle.
 Help fight infections and antibodies.

STAGE 1: TRANSCRIPTION.
The process where the 'instruction' on a DNA template strand one is copied to make a single strand of mRNA. Occurs in
the nucleus.
I. The gene unwinds and unzips as the hydrogen bonds between the bases break the DNA. This exposes the bases
of the gene, so that mRNA can be made. This happens by the enzyme RNA polymerase.
II. Free RNA nucleotides line up along the template strand of DNA and temperature complementary base pair with
the DNA bases. (AT, GC) This is catalysed by RNA polymerase. (3' end)
ACGCTAAGGCTTAGCT
UGCGAUUCCGAACGA
III. A single polynucleotide chain of mRNA that has all the information that was in the DNA gene has been made.
IV. Each codon on the mRNA codes for a specific amino acid.
V. mRNA breaks away from the DNA. The DNA gene winds up to form a double helix again.
Result Pre mRNA.
Pre mRNA happens before splicing. Splicing removes the non-coding sections, and joins the coding section, which as a
result forms MRNA molecule which only carries the coding sequence of the gene (exons [coding part of the protein])
and removing introns (Introns are the non – coding region of the protein). The mRNA then leaves the nucleus via the
pores.

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