A summary of all the key elements of this module with easy to refer to individual sections including Hybridisation, Organic Compounds, Hydrocarbons, Nucleophilic Substitutions, Carbohydrates, Proteins, Nucleic Acids, Purification & Analysis of Biomolecules, Enzymes, Metabolic Reactions and a list o...
TERM MEANING
Alditol A Sugar alcohol
Aliphatic Cs form open chains (not rings)
Furanose A 5 C ring sugar
Pyranose A 6 C ring sugar
Hemiacetal Result from the addition of an alcohol to an aldehyde
Hemiketal Result from the addition of an alcohol to a ketone
Compound in which one or more H atoms in an alkane have been replaced by halogen
Alkyl Halides
atoms (fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine)
Lactone Organic compound containing an ester group —OCO— as part of a ring
Anomer Isomers of cyclic sugars -DIFFERS AT C-1 OR CARBOXYL
Enantiomer Mirror image isomers
Epimer Stereoisomers that differ from one another at any one CHIRAL CARBON
Stereoisomers Compounds differing only in the spatial arrangement of their atoms
Apoenzyme / apoprotein Protein part of an enzyme (not attached to cofactor)
Holoenzyme Protein part of an enzyme attached to a cofactor
Chiral / Stereocentre A Carbon with 4 different substituents
Chromophore Atom or group whose presence is responsible for colour of a compound
ΔG Gibbs free energy
D sugar -OH on C furthest from aldehyde group is to RIGHT
L sugar -OH on C furthest from aldehyde group is to LEFT
Electrophile Accept electron pairs – POSITIVELY CHARGED
Nucleophile Donates electron pair – NEGATIVELY CHARGED
Heteropolysaccharides /
Polysaccharides with the same repeating saccharide
Heteroglycans
Homopolysaccharides /
Polysaccharides with differing saccharides
Homoglycans
Interaction involving a H⁺ atom located between a pair of other atoms having a high
HYDROGEN BONDING
affinity for electrons
Phosphodiester / 3' carbon of one sugar is bonded to the 5' phosphate of the adjacent sugar /
phosphodiesterase’s enzymes that break phosphodiester bonds
Inorganic molecule A molecule not consisting of carbon atoms
Organic molecule Compound that contains C and H (most also include O, N, and some S, P)
Nucleoside Structural subunit of nucleic acid – molecule of sugar linked to nitrogenous base
Structural subunit of nucleic acid – molecule of sugar linked to nitrogenous base and
Nucleotide
phosphate group
Oxidation Gaining of O / loss of e¯ / loss of H
Reduction Loss of O / gain of e¯ / gain of H
π (Pi) Bond Sideways bond between electrons of atoms
σ (Sigma) Bond Head on bond between electrons of atoms
Zwitterion Molecule or ion having separate positively and negatively charged groups
, Hybridisation
• Promotion of one 2s electron to vacant 2p orbital, creating a mix of hybrid bonding orbitals
• Each of the four sp3 hybrid orbitals shares 1 electron with each of the neighboring atoms
• Example: Methane CH₄
• Orbital overlaps:
Head on = σ Sideways = π
Bonds 4 single (0 double) 1 double 1 triple
3
Classification sp hybridised sp² hybridized sp hybridised
sp² x 3 sp x 2
Orbitals sp³ x 4
2p 2p x 2
Shape Tetrahedral Trigonal planar Linear
Neighbours 4 3 2
σ σ
Bond types σ
π π
Bond angles 109.5° 120° 180°
Methane CH₄ Ethene C₂H₄ Ethyne C₂H₂
Example
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