This is a document of my own Quizlet flashcards from my Biology A level revision. It includes the majority of important terms from the topic. There are 12 terms with gaps to fill and 46 terms and definitions on the topic. If you would prefer to cut up the definitions and stick them onto flashcards ...
immune system and response
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1. bacteria struc-
ture
2. chromosomal DNA coding for cell
DNA
3. plasmid loop of specific DNA i.e. for antibiotic resistance
4. mesosome In a bacterium, plasma membrane that folds into the cyto-
plasm and increases surface area.
5. pili Hairs that allow bacteria to attach to each other and to
transfer DNA
6. Slime capsule A thick polysaccharide layer used for protection against
dessication (drying out) and phagocytosis
7. 70s ribosome prokaryotic ribosome
8. cell wall of bacte- Made from peptidoglycan and used to add structure and
ria strength to cell
9. cell membrane of Controls movement of substances in and out of cell
bacteria
10. Virus structure
11. capsid Protein casing which holds viral nucleic acids and viral
proteins
12. envelope Encases capsid and has proteins attached to outside
13. glycoproteins in Protrude from envelope and help with viruses attaching to
virus host cells
14. viral proteins Proteins which help the virus replicate inside host cell I.e.
reverse transcriptase in HIV
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, immune system and response
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15. viral DNA or RNA Nucleic acids in virus
16. how does HIV in- 1. Glycoproteins on HIV called gp120 bind to CD4 cel
fect cells process receptors on the host t helper cell
2. HIV molecule releases capsid into t helper cell and HIV
RNA and viral proteins are released fro capsid
3. Viral proteins reverse transcriptase make viral DNA from
the viral RNA
4. The viral DNA is incorporated into host cell DNA using
integrase
5. The viral DNA is then replicated and more viral proteins
are made whic than reform a new virus molecule which
leaves t helper cell and infects a new host t helper cell
17. how does HIV - overtime more t helper cells become infected
cause death - cytotoxic T cells destroy infected t helper cells b making
them undergo apoptosis
- so there are very few helper T cells so fewer immune
cells are stimulated to fight pathogens i.e. fewer B cells
are activated
- so eventually death is caused by another disease that
can't be fought off such as pneumonia or cancer
18. HIV glycoprotein Gp120
name
19. t helper cell re- CD4 receptors
ceptor name
20. how does TB in- 1. An infected person coughs and droplets go into it and
fect people are inhaled by someone
2. Bacteria gets into lungs when inhaled and is engulfed
by a macrophage
3. TB bacteria evade being broken down so remain in
macrophage
4. Immune system closes off infected cells in areas of lung
called tubercles
5. This means the TB is dormant causing a latency period
with no symptoms
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