Lecture notes
Immunology - Pathogen Basics
- Institution
- Plymouth University (UOP)
This covers the information of bacteria, fungi, viruses, protezoa, prions and helminths - how they cause disease, their classification and disease examples.
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PATHOGENSDisease microbes:notall microbes pathogenic.
causing are
-
Good microbes =
commensals. makes
What it pathogenic
I Microbe mustbe in
jE
·
present every case of
HOW DO WE
⑧ cold
⑧
CONTRACT
UROPLETS:coughs
virus or the
PATHOCENS?
and sneezes, for example the common
flu.
S
#
S ·
the disease
mustbe
grown in
isolated from the host and
pure culture.
⑲
SKIN CONTACT:
shaking hands, hugging, holding hands i
·
must
be reproduced when pure culture is
s non-diseased, susceptible
introduced host
e.g fungal infections. Athletes foot into
SEXUALLY TRANSMITTE:
Only bodily fluids, or be removable infected host.
·
from must from
can even be passed in
pregnancy.e.g Herpes, HIV HUMAN
THE PATHOGENS
INOCULATION:Insect bites, trauma
DIRECT or a needle PRIONS
BACTERIA
VIRUSES
stick, e.g Malaria, Hepatitis B. HELMINTHS
* VERTICAL TRANSMISSION:Transfer from mother to baby, FUNOl
PROTO&OA
8) milk.
Trans-placental or
e.g Hepatitis B.
CONTAMINATED
1004:Raw meat, unwashed fresh food or FUNGI
date. E.coliand structures:
over use
by e.g campylobacter 2 Basic
3
1 Yeast
(unicellular) capable of existing in
I
B ACTERIA How are
they different to ours? Mould/filamentors both forms (Oimorphic
↳ multicellular
They have a cell wall:we
*
Immunosuppressed atrisk
have a lipid layer (gram) -
Many fungi but
only few are pathogenic.
-
coiled chromosome
One Criteria for fungi:
-
circles)
Plasmids (small ONA
·
high temps
Grow up at (max 50°c:their
-
Flagellum/pili optimum growth 25-30: Humans
=
=
= 30)
classification:staining, shape, respiration, reproduction, genus, species. Be able to reach tissue they can infect:skin,
Gram+= Peptidoglycan layer is thicker lack lipopolysaccharides oral/gut mucosa. fungicantcross barriers.
cram--Lipopolysaccharides (can be identified by immune cells) ⑧
overpass immune response
Harder to kill/reduce growth of Gram-due to their membrane How fungicause disease.
preventing certain antibiotics in.
forms of superficial mycoses:
Respiration:Can use CHO (ibre/glucose) for energy, producing pyruvate -
yeastinfection of mucosae(Thrush)
pyruvate can be used via
acetyl coa for anaerobic glycolysis, Dermatophyte infections ofskin Cringworm)
-
-
(same us). However, path subcutaneous mycoses:
or TCA
cycle as
they can use other
way using inorganic ions like nitrite. implant via trauma wounds.
-
-Bacteria can take electron to produce energy (NOs ->
NO27 -
chronic disease, tissue distruction
produce ammonia (NH3) for systemic (deep) mycoses:
Bacteria can
balancing salivary pH
-
I
·
hence chronic mouthwash use can kill ammonia. -
Often fatal, respiratory acquisition e.g histoplas-
-Reduction ofpyruvate lactic acid =
formed. mosis.
-
Lactate can also produce ammonia fungi can be classified via
growth form, or
HOW DO DISEASE?
THEY CAUSE syeasts or filamentors) by type of infection.
·
Adhesion to
body, damaging tissue/organ may
lead to need ↓ ↳
branchingitt
ofantibiotics. toxic molecules, more local. multiply by
·
Gram + can release exotoxins causing bad infections. budding and
(less exo). Lipopolysacc.
Gram-can release endotoxins
division.or forming mycelium.
·
toxic than
can cause some
damage in human cells.
Aggressins:released from bacteria, damage cells far from
·
can
infection site Biofilm structure
Anaerobic bacteria inside damage tissues to get
Immune
damage:release proteins create
that
inflammatory
·
an
response Aka plaque protein & sugars to provide its fuel. -
gingivitus
~
some bacterial diseases formed biofilms (clumped bacteria Aerobic bacteria outside.
·
from
attached to hard surface:hard for antibodies to attack) Antibiotics unhelpful for biofilms -
cannot enter
matrix of biofilm:Removed mechanically ONLY
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