I achieved a high A* Grade in my final A-Level exams using these notes!!!
I believe you can achieve an A* if you can memorise these notes! Simply use blurting, a method of active recall, to write everything you remember from the notes, then identify the parts you couldn’t remember, then repeat ...
mature sperm cell
- head: haploid nucleus covered by acrosome (proteases to digest corona radiata & zona pellucida)
- middle: mitochondria – ATP for movement
- tail/flagellum: lashing movements for motility
female reproductive system
2 ovaries
fallopian tubes – oviducts
uterus
- endometrium: innermost layer
o mucous membrane – good blood supply
o builds & sheds in menstruation + implantation
cervix: narrow ring of connective tissue & muscle
vagina: muscular – open at vulva
oogenesis = secondary oocytes – ovary
before birth in developing foetus
germinal epithelium mitosis = oogonia mitosis = primary oocytes meiosis 1 ~ prophase 1 until puberty
- surrounded by germinal epithelium mitosis = primary follicle
after puberty – each month
primary oocyte completes meiosis 1 = haploid secondary oocyte + haploid first polar body
(haploid: remove half chromosomes & small: leave most cytoplasm to oocyte)
FSH stimulates primary follicle to develop = secondary follicle = Graafian follicle (1 fully develops per month)
ovulation: Graafian follicle moves to ovary surface + bursts = releases secondary oocyte
secondary oocyte start meiosis 2 ~ stop at metaphase 2 unless fertilised
fertilised: secondary oocyte meiosis 2 = haploid ovum (fuse with sperm) + haploid second polar body
Graafian follicle = corpus luteum + produces progesterone
not: Graafian follicle regresses
secondary oocyte after ovulation
Corona radiata: surrounds – provides nutrients
Zona pellucida: surrounds cell membrane
First polar body extrudes from end
Cortical granules: in cytoplasm periphery – prevents polyspermy
Chromosomes & spindle apparatus from meiosis
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