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Summary A Level OCR PE revision notes - Sports Psychology
This document gives notes for the module Sports Psychology, hope you find these useful. Let me know if there any questions, any sort of feedback is appreciated.
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By: charliecheekster • 7 months ago
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1.
Personality
Answer: the patterns or thoughts and feeling as wells as the way we interact with our environment which makes us unique.
2.
Factors of personality formation
Answer: 1. Genetics 2. Past experiences 3. Nature of the situation. 4. Personal free-will
3.
Trait theory of personality
Answer: personality is determined by our genetics, traits are stable, enduring and predictable. Pros – behaviours can be predictable and enduring. Cons – doesn’t consider the environment therefore behaviour is not always predictable.
4.
Social learning theory of personality
Answer: personality is determined by our environment, traits are formed by those around us. Pros – It is true, bobo doll experiement reinforces theory. Cons – too simplistic, if true we would all be like our role models, twins can have completely different personalities.
5.
Interactionist theory of learning
Answer: mixture of trait and social learning theories, behaviours can be innate and predictable but can be modified in certain environments. Pros – most accurate theory to date, considers both theories of personalities.
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1.
Properties of a group
Answer: 1. Common goal. 2. Communication. 3. Unity. 4. Shared identity.
2.
Team cohesion
Answer: How well a team sticks together
3.
4 Stages of group formation
Answer: 1. Forming 2. Storming 3. Norming 4. Performing
4.
Forming
Answer: 1st stage - dependence on the leader, roles are unclear, getting to know each other and little cohesion between the group.
5.
Storming
Answer: 1. 2nd stage – period of conflict for roles, 2. cliques often form, 3. leader still makes most of the decisions and there are a few more clear roles in the group but still not many.
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1.
Aims of goal setting
Answer: 1. Directs the attention of the performer. 2. Increased effort of performer. 3. Increased motivation to try and achieve their goal(s). 4. Promotes learning new skills.
2.
SMART principle
Answer: Specific Measurable Achievable Recorded Timed
3.
Specific
Answer: the goal must be related to the sport as well as the sport e.g. to improve serving accuracy in tennis singles.
4.
Measurable
Answer: the goal must be assessable and monitored e.g. football drill will give a max of 20 shots.
5.
Achievable
Answer: the goal must be within the performer’s capabilities e.g. 18 out of 20 tennis first serves in a row for a pro ATP player.
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1.
Attributions
Answer: the reasons or excuses for a successful or unsuccessful outcome in sport.
2.
Weiner\'s model of attribution
Answer: 1. Ability is an internal, stable and uncontrollable attribution e.g. At the weekend we were way too strong for the opposition. 2. Task difficulty is an external, stable and controllable/uncontrollable attribution e.g. the opposition were bottom of the league. 3. Effort is an internal, unstable and uncontrollable attribution e.g. we trained for several days and gave it our all. 4. Luck is an external, unstable and uncontrollable attribution e.g. we won because of the referees decisions.
3.
Locus of causality
Answer: refers to whether the attributions come from, internal is from within the performer and external is the environment.
4.
Locus of controllability
Answer: an additional locus added in by Weiner, this locus refers to whether the performer can control these attributions or not.
5.
Locus of stability
Answer: refers to whether the attributions are changeable or not, stable is unchangeable and unstable is changeable.
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Sports confidence (SC)
Answer: general belief an individual has to be successful in sport.
2.
Self-efficacy
Answer: self-confidence in specific situations.
3.
Self-esteem
Answer: feeling of self worth.
4.
Effect of sports confidence on performance in sport
Answer: Low sports confidence = weaker performance more likely. High sports confidence = stronger performance more likely.
5.
Effect of sports confidence on participation in sport
Answer: Low sports confidence = less likely to participate in sport. High sports confidence = more likely to participate in sport.
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1.
Examples of leaders in sport
Answer: 1. Captain. 2. Coach. 3. Managers. 4. Directors. 5. Physios. 6. Team psychologists
2.
Effective leadership qualities
Answer: 1. Good communication skills. 2. Flexible leading. 3. Motivated. 4. Enthuastic. 5. Empathetic. 6. Good at sport. 7. Knowledgable. 8. Organised. 9. Respected.
3.
Types of leaders in tennis
Answer: 1. Emergent 2. Prescribed
4.
Emergent leaders
Answer: Comes from within the group e.g. player is voted to be captain by the group.
5.
Pros of emergent leaders
Answer: 1. More accepted by the group. 2. They know the team better. 3. More approachable
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Stress
Answer: Psychological state where physiological and psychological forces overwhelm our sense of well being.
2.
Impacts of stress
Answer: 1. Hormone - increased release of cortisol 2. Adrenaline - increased release of adrenaline = increased heart rate, blood pressure and energy. 3. Long term - increased risk of stroke or heart attack 4. Performance - stress tends to increase arousal therefore performance can be aided for hindered.
3.
Concept of stress
Answer: 1. Stressors - environmental changes that occur to trigger stress response 2. Stress response - physical changes due to stress 3. Stress experience - way we perceive the situation as a whole
4.
Causes of stress
Answer: 1. Frustration - feeling that a performer is unable to reach their goal because of poor performance. 2. Competition - if they need to win, stress levels rise to win 3. Conflict - personal problems on and off the pitch can interfere with other day to day tasks 4. Climate - too cold or hot conditions can put body under greater stress to perform.
5.
Cognitive stress management techniques
Answer: 1. Mental rehearsal 2. Imagery 3. Rational thinking 4. Positive self-talk 5. Negative thought stopping 6. Mindfulness 7. Goal setting
Content preview
Paper 2 – Psychological factors affecting performance – SportsPyschology
Contents
Personality – 1-2
Attitude – 3
Motivation – 4
Arousal – 5
Anxiety – 6
Aggression – 7-8
Social facilitation – 9
Group dynamics – 10-11
Goal setting – 12
Attribution – 13-14
Sports confidence – 15-16
Leadership – 17-19
Stress management in sport – 20-21
Sources used - 22
Individual differences
Personality
Personality – the patterns or thoughts and feeling as wells as the way we interact with
our environment which makes us unique.
Factors of personality formation
1. Genetics
2. Past experiences
3. Nature of the situation.
4. Personal free-will
Theories of personalities
Trait – personality is determined by our genetics, traits are stable, enduring and
predictable.
Pros – behaviours can be predictable and enduring.
Cons – doesn’t consider the environment therefore behaviour is not always predictable.
Social learning theory – personality is determined by our environment, traits are
formed by those around us.
Pros – It is true, bobo doll experiement reinforces theory.
1|Page
,Cons – too simplistic, if true we would all be like our role models, twins can have
completely different personalities.
Interactionist – mixture of trait and social learning theories, behaviours can be innate
and predictable but can be modified in certain environments.
Pros – most accurate theory to date, considers both theories of personalities.
Personality types – Eysenck
Unstable/neurotic – behvaiour is constanlty changing, mood swings are common and
often unpredictable.
Stable – behaviour is constantly unchanging, mood is calm and predictable.
Introvert – isolated, low confidence and good concentration.
Extrovert – outgoing, confident and lacks concentration.
Type A and B personalities – Girdano
Type A – impatient, high stress levels, highly competitive and motivated.
Type B – relaxed, low stress levels, less competitive and motivated.
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, Attitude in sport
Attitude – the tendency to act in a certain way towards someone or something.
Positive attitude Negative attitude
Believe exercise is valuable. Stressed.
Enjoy activities. Dislikes the experience of exercise.
Participation is a norm. Frightened to perform.
Good at the activity. Lack of skills to perform.
Factors of attitude formation
Religious beliefs – e.g. Football is not acceptable.
Parents – parents play Football, therefore I should play football. Morew likely to have a
liking of football.
Previous experience – e.g. previously played Table Tennis and did not like it, therefore
I do not want ot play it again.
Media – e.g. bad media coverage of Squash = more chance of negative attitudes
towards playing Squash
Components of attitude
Cognitive – beliefs or knowledge e.g. Running is very good for physical and mental
fitness.
Affective – emotions or feelings about Behavioural – response towards the
the attitude object e.g. I enjoy running atttitude object e.g. I believe running
because it feels sensational. is good for my health and I enjoy it
therefore I will run more often.
Attitude changing methods
Persuasive communication depends on…
Persuading person – needs highs status e.g. head coach.
Person being persuaded – person needs to be smart enough to change e.g. child must
understand why their negative attitude is not helping enjoy the sport.
Message - message must be clear and concise as well as meaningful, to give
confidence and trust to players e.g. coach gives a motivational talk about how good they
can be if they change one technical outcome.
Situation – if persuader is present, attitude is more likely to change e.g. persuader can
force players to act with his presence.
Cognitive dissonance – when a performer has two or more conflicting ideas in their
lifestyle causing conflict. When the components align they experience relief and feel
better.
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